{ "schema": "cad-agent-references/1", "built": "2026-11-04T22:52:31-08:00", "revision": "3a4ec137a2a7cf52fa6072b5bc81b7e320d49701", "area": { "slug": "fasteners-and-hardware", "title": "Fasteners, bought hardware and assembly", "domain": "mechanical", "scope": "Screws, inserts and other bought parts, and getting them in and out." }, "fields": { "status": "`source`: read, with a dated `verified` note, and may be cited. `catalogued`: listed from a survey and not yet read; never cite one", "kind": "what the source is (research/references/vocab.yaml `kind`); a read source from before schema 2 has none", "evidence_class": "its rung on the evidence ladder, lowest first: snippet-only, read, verified-at-source, encoded, measured", "confidence": "#143: {level, estimate, sources}, derived from the evidence; `unknown` when the record has no evidence block", "licence": "{spdx, class, read, note}: `read: false` means the licence text was not read, only stated by the survey", "placed": "the docs/areas.yaml areas the record is listed in (`unplaced` when its areas match none)", "placed_note": "its row on the site, which [ref:] in any page links to, is /references/#", "vocab": "every coded value is explained in research/references/vocab.yaml" }, "index": "https://cad-agent.valpatel.com/catalog/references/index.json", "count": 80, "coverage": [ { "id": "ca-1-heat-set-insert-hole-depth-pull-out", "number": "1", "topic": "Heat-set insert hole, depth, pull-out, torque-out", "status": "implemented", "areas": [ "threaded-inserts" ], "where": "src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py:321 hole_design, :360 boss_design, :532 capacity, :1013 check_joint, :430 TESTS", "defaults": "Hole = maker hole +0.2 mm CAD (0.2-0.3 band); blind depth max(L+1, L+2 pitch, maker min); straight, no chamfer; 6 McMaster inserts M2-M5,M8; PLA/PETG/ASA/CoPA/PA6 shear model", "sources": "McMaster pages, bd_warehouse, CNC Kitchen, SPIROL, PEM, ruthex, Laszlo 2026, Kastner 2023 (inserts.py:177 SRC)", "gap": "Hole size not varied by material or nozzle; no M2.5/M6/M10 rows; no lying-axis capacity data; EPFL-style chamfer advice not modelled.", "placed": [ "fasteners-and-hardware" ] }, { "id": "ca-2-screw-boss-wall-spacing-self-tapping", "number": "2", "topic": "Screw boss wall/spacing; self-tapping holes in plastic", "status": "partly", "areas": [ "screw-bosses" ], "where": "src/cadagent/mechanical/bosses.py:36 DELTA_PT, :71 printed_boss; formulas/screws.py:123-126; research/process-profiles.yaml:465-500 (fdm-thread-*), im-boss-*", "defaults": "Pilot 0.8 d (0.72-0.88), boss OD 2 d, engagement 2 d; FDM thread wall >= D, printed thread >= M5, self-tap 75% engagement; IM boss wall 0.4-0.6 x wall, OD 2D, height 5D", "sources": "EJOT/Bulten DELTA PT brochure p.4,7; Covestro Table 3; Protolabs, Fictiv, DuPont (profile rules)", "gap": "Only DELTA PT sizes; no boss spacing or rib-gusset rule in code; no hole size by resin/filament; boss rules in profile are not run by dfm.check.", "draft_issue": { "title": "Add boss-to-boss spacing and per-material self-tap pilot sizes", "body": "printed_boss covers DELTA PT only. Add boss spacing, gusset and a pilot-hole table by filament/resin (Bossard 1.8-2.5 mm wall, RapidDirect 80% pilot) and let dfm.check judge im-boss-* rules.", "posted": false }, "placed": [ "fasteners-and-hardware" ] }, { "id": "ca-7-pem-self-clinching-edge-distance-and", "number": "7", "topic": "PEM/self-clinching edge distance and hole size", "status": "implemented", "areas": [ "clinch-fasteners", "clinch-hardware" ], "where": "src/cadagent/mechanical/clinch.py:201 check_placement, :181 parts_for; profile:3491 sm-clinch-hole-tolerance-pem, :3513 sm-clinch-to-bend-pem", "defaults": "Hole +0.08/-0 mm (+0.003 in); edge = part E; bend BA/2+E; spacing E+hole/2; sheet HRB limits 50 Al/70 SS/80 steel/88 hardened; min sheet 0.76 mm; press from punch side >= 2.29", "sources": "PEM handbook HB-6/9/12, bulletins CL, FH, SO, CL-18; SendCutSend hardware service", "gap": "Cited subset of parts; PEM blind types B/BS and standoff families not covered; SendCutSend 0.23-0.31 in catalog edge distance not mapped; rivets in mechanical/rivets.py.", "placed": [ "fasteners-and-hardware", "sheet-metal" ] } ], "records": [ {"id":"padt-adding-inserts-to-3d-printed-parts-hardware-tips","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Adding Inserts to 3D Printed Parts: Hardware Tips (GrabCAD Print)","authors":[],"org":"PADT (Stratasys reseller)","year":2019,"url":"https://www.padtinc.com/2019/08/06/adding-inserts-to-3d-printed-parts-hardware-tips-plus-one-click-design-in-grabcad-print-advanced-fdm/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","aliases":["padt-inserts"],"licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"encoded","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"high","estimate":0.9,"sources":3},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article (2019-08-06); read it whole: holes from the insert's data sheet, slightly undersized; Stratasys Insight's four to six contours round each insert hole; GrabCAD Print's insert holes.","claims":[{"text":"Several contours round each insert hole for pull-out and torque-out (Stratasys Insight: four to six)","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. LulzBot (two or more) and SPIROL (at least the metric size) also ask several; the counts differ and SPIROL's governs (its tests). Kept as the range's upper end, fdm-insert-contours-padt","corroborated_by":["lulzbot-tips-and-tricks-heat-set-inserts","spirol-3dp"]}],"summary":"PADT on inserts in Stratasys FDM parts (2019): size the hole from the insert's data sheet, slightly under; Stratasys Insight sets four to six contours round each insert hole, and GrabCAD Print makes insert holes itself.","rules":["fdm-insert-contours-padt"],"checks":["inserts.check_joint","inserts.perimeter_counts"],"used_for":["docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"status":"source","evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"cnckitchen-heat-set-hole-size","title":"Are Our Heat-Set Insert Datasheets Wrong?","authors":["Stefan Hermann"],"org":"CNC Kitchen","year":2026,"url":"https://cnckitchen.com/blog/are-our-heat-set-insert-datasheets-wrong","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm","fasteners","threaded-inserts"],"aliases":["cnck-2026"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","docs/inserts.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the article (2026-03-28); read the pull-out test of about 50 M3 inserts in PLA over hole diameters 3.6–4.6 mm: printed holes about 0.25 mm under CAD, 4.0 mm nominal, 4.2 mm in CAD as the sweet spot at about 90 % of the highest pull-out force, and 0.2–0.3 mm added in CAD for small inserts.","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"domains":["general"],"evidence":{"numbers":"measured","tested":"yes","authority":"independent-tested","class":"encoded"},"confidence":{"level":"high","estimate":0.9,"sources":2},"claims":[{"text":"Size the hole so the insert just pre-seats with slight resistance; oversize holes lose pull-out fast (drilled M3: the big drop between 4.1 and 4.2 mm)","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. SPIROL's white paper agrees: larger holes decrease performance, smaller ones stress and crack the plastic. Encoded as the hole band in inserts.check_joint","corroborated_by":["spirol-how-to-design-the-proper-hole-for-heat-ultrasonic"]},{"text":"Printed holes came out about 0.25 mm under CAD (CORE One L, PolySonic PLA); add 0.2-0.3 mm in CAD for small inserts; every printer and material shrinks holes differently","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen's 2019 test measured 0.1 mm on an Original Prusa in Prusament. printed_hole keeps both as the published range, takes 0.25 mm (the measurement behind its pull-out tests) and lets a coupon govern; E-Z LOK also says hole sizes vary with material and tools"}],"summary":"Tensile-tester pull-out tests of heat-set inserts at several hole diameters; compares printed to drilled holes.","rules":["fdm-hole-undersize-cnckitchen","fdm-insert-hole-cad-offset-cnckitchen","fdm-insert-hole-m3-nominal-cnckitchen"],"checks":["inserts.check_joint","inserts.hole_design","inserts.printed_hole"],"evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"spirol-how-to-design-the-proper-hole-for-heat-ultrasonic","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"How to Design the Proper Hole for Heat/Ultrasonic Inserts (SPIROL white paper)","authors":["Christie Jones"],"org":"SPIROL","year":null,"url":"https://www.spirol.com/resources/white-papers/how-to-design-the-proper-hole-for-heat-ultrasonic-inserts/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","aliases":["spirol-hole"],"licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners","moulded-part-design","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fasteners","injection","inserts"],"process_groups":["inserts","mould"],"evidence":{"class":"encoded","numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"high","estimate":0.9,"sources":3},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the white paper page; read it whole: straight and tapered holes (taper at most 1 degree included, tapered 8 degrees), depth L + 2 pitches, counterbores, the filler increase, the boss 2-3 x the insert and the mating part's hole.","claims":[{"text":"Boss diameter 2 to 3 x the insert's, the multiplier falling as the insert grows","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. Stratasys Direct's MJF guide gives 2-3 x the insert diameter","corroborated_by":["stratasys-direct-mjf-design-guide"]},{"text":"Grow the recommended hole 0.08 mm (0.003 in) at 15 % glass or mineral filler or more, 0.15 mm (0.006 in) at 35 % or more, interpolated between","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. One source (the maker's); Plastics Technology agrees fillers change the hole and the process. Encoded as fdm-insert-hole-filler-spirol and inserts.filler_increase, by extension to fibre-filled filaments"},{"text":"Larger holes decrease performance; smaller ones stress and crack the plastic and are hard to install","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen's pull-out tests agree","corroborated_by":["cnckitchen-heat-set-hole-size"]}],"summary":"SPIROL's white paper on holes for heat and ultrasonic inserts: straight and tapered holes, depth the insert's length plus two pitches, counterbores, a larger hole in filled plastics (+0.08 mm at 15 % filler, +0.15 mm at 35 %) and a boss 2-3 times the insert's diameter.","rules":["fdm-insert-hole-filler-spirol"],"checks":["inserts.check_joint","inserts.filler_increase","inserts.printed_hole"],"used_for":["docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"status":"source","evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware","mould-design"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"nophead-polyholes","kind":"article","category":"design-guides","title":"Polyholes","authors":["nophead"],"org":"HydraRaptor (blog)","year":2011,"url":"https://hydraraptor.blogspot.com/2011/02/polyholes.html","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"unclear","read":false,"note":"A personal blog; no licence seen. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"encoded","numbers":"measured","tested":"yes","authority":"independent-tested"},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the post (2011-02-05); read it whole: the faceting, segment-pausing, arc-shrinkage and corner-cutting causes of small holes, the test plates and the polyhole rule.","claims":[{"text":"A mesh's polygon shrinks a hole by cos(pi / n): 10 vertices leave 5 %, 22 leave 1 %","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page; plain geometry. CNC Kitchen's 2019 test names triangulation as a cause too. Encoded as cadagent.formulas.facet_diameter","corroborated_by":["cnck-2019"]},{"text":"A hole of d mm drawn with max(round(2 d), 3) vertices on a circle of d / cos(pi / n) prints to size on two of his machines (0.4 and 0.5 mm nozzles)","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page; one author's drill-gauge test. Encoded as cadagent.formulas.polyhole, reported beside the round hole, which CNC Kitchen's insert tests govern"},{"text":"The RepRap arc-compensation formula under-predicts the shrink; corner cutting adds to it","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. printed_hole uses the formula only as a floor"}],"summary":"Why printed holes come out small (mesh facets, arc shrinkage, corner cutting) and the polyhole rule that draws them as few-sided polygons that print to size.","rules":[],"checks":["formulas.facet_diameter","formulas.polyhole","inserts.printed_hole"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py","src/cadagent/formulas/inserts.py","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"confidence":{"level":"high","estimate":0.9,"sources":2},"status":"source","evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"reprap-arc-compensation","kind":"guide","category":"design-guides","title":"Arc Compensation","authors":[],"org":"RepRap project (RepRap wiki)","year":2015,"url":"https://reprap.org/wiki/ArcCompensation","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"share-alike","read":false,"note":"The wiki's footer shows a GNU Free Documentation License badge; the licence text was not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"encoded","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the wiki page (last edited 2015-07-19); read the derivation r = (t + sqrt(t^2 + 4 R^2)) / 2 and its table for a 0.5 mm track.","claims":[{"text":"A track t wide round a hole of radius R needs its centre line at r = (t + sqrt(t^2 + 4 R^2)) / 2; for t = 0.5 mm, R = 2 mm gives 2.27 mm","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page; tests reproduce its table (cadagent.formulas.arc_path_radius). Nophead credits the formula and finds it under-predicts the shrink, so printed_hole takes it as a floor"}],"summary":"The area balance that says how far a perimeter's path must move out for a small printed hole to come out to size; a floor on the shrink, not all of it.","rules":[],"checks":["formulas.arc_path_radius","formulas.arc_printed_diameter","inserts.printed_hole"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py","src/cadagent/formulas/inserts.py","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":1},"status":"source","evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"cnck-2019","title":"Threaded Inserts for 3D Prints - Cheap VS Expensive","authors":["Stefan Hermann"],"org":"CNC Kitchen","year":2019,"url":"https://www.cnckitchen.com/blog/threaded-inserts-for-3d-prints-cheap-vs-expensive","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["inserts","fdm","threaded-inserts"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the article (2019-12-07) opened; read for cadagent.mechanical.inserts (#230), its pull-out tests.","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"numbers":"measured","tested":"yes","authority":"independent-tested","class":"encoded"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"ruthex M3 pulled out at 181 kg on average in a 4.0 mm hole, eBay inserts 157 kg in 4.1 mm, cheap moulded ones 39 kg in 4.5 mm; every insert held 3-4 N m until the bolt head sheared (100 % infill)","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page: \"4.0mm holes for the Ruthex, 4.1mm holes for the eBay inserts and 4.5 for the injection molding parts\", as the snippet had it. The ruthex result is a row of inserts.TESTS, so the calibration reproduces it"},{"text":"Printed holes came out 0.1 mm small on an Original Prusa in Prusament (strips of 4-5 mm holes in 0.1 mm steps, gauged with drill bits); STL triangulation and shrinkage are among the causes","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen's 2026 test measured 0.25 mm on another printer and PLA: printed_hole keeps 0.1-0.25 mm as the range (rule fdm-hole-undersize-cnckitchen-2019)"}],"summary":"Pull-out and torque-out tests of M3 heat-set inserts in printed holes of several diameters; knurl pattern and hole size drive results.","rules":["fdm-hole-undersize-cnckitchen-2019"],"checks":["inserts.calibration","inserts.printed_hole"],"evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"cnckitchen-heat-set-tips","title":"Tips & Tricks for Heat-Set Inserts used in 3D printing","authors":["Stefan Hermann"],"org":"CNC Kitchen","year":2021,"url":"https://cnckitchen.com/blog/tips-and-tricks-for-heat-set-inserts","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm","fasteners","threaded-inserts"],"aliases":["cnck-tips"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","docs/inserts.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the article (published 2021-10-01, since updated); read the iron temperature (10–20 °C above printing temperature), the 90 % melt-in, and the hole rules (blind hole about 1 mm deeper than the insert, straight not tapered, no chamfer, glue into stepped holes in resin).","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"numbers":"some","tested":"unknown","authority":"independent-tested","class":"encoded"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"claims":[{"text":"A blind hole about 1 mm deeper than the insert is long; through holes no longer than the insert; straight, not tapered","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. ruthex's size table (L + 1 mm min.) agrees; SPIROL asks L + 2 pitches. hole_design takes the deepest (rule fdm-insert-blind-depth-cnckitchen)","corroborated_by":["ruthex"]},{"text":"Normally no chamfer at the hole's edge","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. EPFL's wiki asks a 0.3-0.5 mm chamfer, LulzBot a chamfered edge for the melt and Plastics Technology a lead-in chamfer for moulded parts. hole_design keeps none (the maker's own advice for its inserts); a chamfer stays the designer's choice"},{"text":"Iron 10-20 degC above the printing temperature (PLA about 225, PETG 245, ABS 265 degC)","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. EPFL and LulzBot set the iron to the printing temperature itself (EPFL: 230 degC for PETG)"}],"summary":"Practical heat-set insert advice for printed parts: blind hole depth and chamfer.","rules":["fdm-insert-blind-depth-cnckitchen"],"checks":["inserts.check_joint","inserts.hole_design"],"evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"lulzbot-tips-and-tricks-heat-set-inserts","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Tips and Tricks: Heat-Set Inserts","authors":[],"org":"LulzBot","year":2017,"url":"https://lulzbot.com/learn/tips-and-tricks-heat-set-inserts","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","aliases":["lulzbot-inserts"],"licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"encoded","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the page (2017-04-17); read it whole: installation with a soldering iron at the printing temperature and the design tips.","claims":[{"text":"Set the wall round the insert to a whole multiple of the extrusion width so it prints as solid perimeters; two or more perimeters","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. Prusa's modelling guide agrees walls come in whole perimeters. Encoded as fdm-insert-wall-perimeters-lulzbot, boss_design's solid outside and check_joint's boss perimeters row","corroborated_by":["prusa-modeling-for-3dp"]},{"text":"A chamfered edge on the hole leaves room for the melt","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen asks no chamfer"}],"summary":"LulzBot on heat-set inserts (2017): install with a soldering iron at the printing temperature; make the wall round the insert a whole number of extrusion widths, two or more perimeters, and chamfer the hole for the melt.","rules":["fdm-insert-wall-perimeters-lulzbot"],"checks":["inserts.boss_design","inserts.check_joint","inserts.perimeter_counts"],"used_for":["docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"status":"source","evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"formlabs-3d-printing-threads-and-adding-threaded-inserts-to","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"3D Printing Threads and Adding Threaded Inserts to 3D Printed Parts","authors":[],"org":"Formlabs","year":null,"url":"https://formlabs.com/blog/adding-screw-threads-3d-printed-parts/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["sla","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"verified-at-source","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article; read the inserts, threads and self-tapping sections.","claims":[{"text":"Brittle, low-elongation resins (Formlabs' Rigid) may crack with self-tapping screws","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. No second source checked."},{"text":"Heat-set inserts go into thermoset (SLA) parts with CA glue or epoxy, the boss at the insert's widest diameter","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen glues its inserts into resin prints with thick CA glue","corroborated_by":["cnckitchen-heat-set-tips"]}],"summary":"Formlabs on threads and inserts in resin (SLA) parts: heat-set inserts go in with CA glue or epoxy, the boss at the insert's widest diameter; brittle resins may crack with self-tapping screws.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"verified-at-source","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"e-z-lok-brochure-2026","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"E-Z LOK Brochure 2026","authors":[],"org":"E-Z LOK","year":null,"url":"https://www.ezlok.com/assets/documents/literature/EZ-LOK%20Brochure%202026.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["threaded-inserts","fasteners"],"processes":["inserts","fasteners"],"process_groups":["inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"verified-at-source","numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the PDF; read the contents and the insert tables (press-in, ultrasonic and heat-stake, threaded inserts for metal), each with its hole size and the footnote on it.","claims":[{"text":"Hole size requirements vary with material and tools: test the application","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: the footnote under the plastic-insert tables. CNC Kitchen says the same of printed holes","corroborated_by":["cnckitchen-heat-set-hole-size"]}],"summary":"E-Z LOK's 2026 brochure: press-in, ultrasonic and heat-stake inserts for plastics and threaded inserts for metal, each table with its hole size; hole sizes vary with material and tools, so test the application.","used_for":["docs/inserts.md"],"status":"source","evidence_class":"verified-at-source","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"epfl-make-how-to-use-threaded-inserts-epfl-makerspace-wiki","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"How to use threaded inserts (EPFL makerspace wiki)","authors":[],"org":"EPFL Make","year":null,"url":"https://make.epfl.ch/wiki/public/spot_-_3d_printing/how_to_use_threaded_inserts","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","aliases":["epfl-inserts"],"licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"verified-at-source","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the wiki page (modified 2026-09-04); read it whole. The snippet's 'hole about 0.4 mm under the insert's OD' is not on it: it says to use the maker's hole.","claims":[{"text":"Use the maker's hole diameter, depth and wall, with at least 1 mm more depth","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen asks the same 1 mm","corroborated_by":["cnckitchen-heat-set-tips"]},{"text":"A 0.3-0.5 mm chamfer guides the insert","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen asks no chamfer"},{"text":"PETG can shrink slightly after printing: open the hole with a drill rather than force the insert","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. printed_hole notes it for PETG; no number given"}],"summary":"EPFL makerspace wiki on heat-set inserts: use the maker's hole diameter, depth (at least 1 mm deeper than the insert) and wall, a 0.3-0.5 mm chamfer to guide the insert, and a drill if PETG has shrunk the hole.","used_for":["docs/inserts.md","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"status":"source","evidence_class":"verified-at-source","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"protolabs-im-bosses","title":"Plastic Boss Design on Molded Parts","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs","year":null,"url":"https://www.protolabs.com/resources/design-tips/plastic-boss-design-on-molded-parts/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["injection-moulding","moulded-part-design","threaded-inserts"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page; read the boss wall (40–60 % of the wall it rises from) and boss draft (0.5–3° by height).","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["injection","inserts"],"process_groups":["mould","inserts"],"evidence":{"numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary","class":"verified-at-source"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"claims":[{"text":"A boss's wall 40 to 60 percent of the wall it rises from; ribs or gussets rather than a thicker wall","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. RapidDirect gives about 60 percent of the nominal wall","corroborated_by":["rapiddirect-screw-boss-design-injection-molding"]}],"summary":"Boss design advice: tie bosses to walls with ribs rather than thick solid sections; rib-to-wall ratio 40-60%.","evidence_class":"verified-at-source","placed":["mould-design","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-mould.yaml"}, {"id":"rapiddirect-screw-boss-design-injection-molding","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Screw boss design injection molding","authors":[],"org":"RapidDirect","year":2023,"url":"https://www.rapiddirect.com/blog/screw-boss-design-injection-molding/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["moulded-part-design","fasteners"],"processes":["injection","fasteners"],"process_groups":["mould","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"verified-at-source","numbers":"claimed","tested":"no","authority":"aggregator"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article (2023-05-19, updated 2025-03-10); read the boss rules: wall about 60 % of the nominal wall, height under 3 x the outside diameter, bosses at least 2 x the wall apart. The snippet's 80 % pilot and 200 % boss are not on the page.","claims":[{"text":"Boss wall about 60 % of the nominal wall (sink); boss height under 3 x its outside diameter; bosses at least 2 x the nominal wall apart","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. Protolabs gives 40-60 % for the wall","corroborated_by":["protolabs-im-bosses"]}],"summary":"RapidDirect's screw-boss rules for moulded parts: a boss wall about 60 % of the nominal wall (against sink), height under 3 times its outside diameter, and bosses at least 2 walls apart.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"verified-at-source","placed":["mould-design","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-mould.yaml"}, {"id":"embedded-computing-3d-printed-fasteners-part-1-inserts","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"3D Printed Fasteners: Part 1 - Inserts","authors":["Jeremy S. Cook"],"org":"Embedded Computing","year":2020,"url":"https://www.embedded-computing.com/home-page/3d-printed-fasteners-part-1-inserts","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"claimed","tested":"yes","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article (2020-08-28; the link now redirects); read it whole. Its strength numbers retell CNC Kitchen's 2020 test.","claims":[{"text":"M3 pull-out about 120 kg for a direct screw, a heat-set insert and a Helicoil alike; the heat-set insert best in torque-out, at 3 N m","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. It retells CNC Kitchen's 2020 test (cnck-2020: 119 kg, 3 N m), which agrees; a retelling is not independent evidence, so the record stays at read","corroborated_by":["cnck-2020"]}],"summary":"A retelling of CNC Kitchen's 2020 M3 test: a direct screw, a heat-set insert and a Helicoil all pulled out at about 120 kg; the heat-set insert was best in torque-out, at 3 N m.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"sendcutsend-pem-guide","title":"A Guide to PEM Hardware Inserts in Sheet Metal","authors":[],"org":"SendCutSend","year":2024,"url":"https://sendcutsend.com/blog/pem-hardware-inserts-in-sheet-metal/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["sheet-metal","pem-hardware","threaded-inserts","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the post (2024-09-26, no byline). Read the sheet families (aluminium except 2024, mild steel, G90, 304, 316), the side to install a nut on, and the worked example: 1/4-20 nut in 0.063 in 5052, centre to edge 0.340, centre to centre 0.512 and centre to bend line 0.425 in. Also opened \"PEM Hardware: Stainless Steel vs Zinc Coated Mild Steel\" (https://sendcutsend.com/blog/pem-hardware-stainless-steel-vs-zinc-coated-mild-steel/, 2024-05-06) and \"The Best Way to Save Time Assembling Sheet Metal Parts\" (https://sendcutsend.com/blog/assembling-sheet-metal-parts/, 2025-03-20): stainless hardware in stainless sheet; no stainless hardware pressed into aluminium.","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["sheet","inserts","fasteners"],"process_groups":["sheet","inserts"],"evidence":{"numbers":"unknown","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Blog guide to PEM hardware inserts in sheet metal; title only seen in results.","imported":"131b9d03efd28786","evidence_class":"read","placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-sheet.yaml"}, {"id":"machine-design-best-practices-for-using-blind-rivets","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Best Practices for Using Blind Rivets","authors":[],"org":"Machine Design","year":null,"url":"https://www.machinedesign.com/fastening-joining/article/21831968/best-practices-for-using-blind-rivets","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners","fasteners-and-hardware"],"processes":["fasteners","joining"],"process_groups":["inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article (updated 2023-04-12, first 2016-02-03); read its hole-size advice: follow the rivet maker's hole closely for strength, pull-up and hole fill.","summary":"Machine Design on blind rivets: follow the rivet maker's hole size closely, for strength, pull-up and hole fill.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"plastics-technology-brass-insert-installation-comparing-heat","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Brass insert installation: comparing heat vs ultrasonic vs press fit (Plastics Technology)","authors":[],"org":"Plastics Technology","year":null,"url":"https://www.ptonline.com/articles/brass-insert-installation-comparing-heat-vs-ultrasonic-vs-press-fit","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["threaded-inserts","moulded-part-design"],"processes":["inserts","injection"],"process_groups":["inserts","mould"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"none","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article (by the founder of a heat-staking maker); read it whole: heat, ultrasonic and press-fit installation, the material notes and the boss and hole figure.","claims":[{"text":"Hole sized to the insert's lead diameter, with a lead-in chamfer; glass and mineral fillers do not melt and raise the cracking risk","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen asks no chamfer for printed parts. Its filler warning agrees with SPIROL's larger hole for filled plastics"}],"summary":"Compares heat, ultrasonic and press-fit installation of brass inserts in moulded plastic: heat takes the widest range of resins, ultrasonic is fastest, press-fit weakest and riskiest in filled resins.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware","mould-design"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"spirol-compression-limiter-design-guide","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Compression Limiter Design Guide","authors":[],"org":"SPIROL","year":null,"url":"https://uk.spirol.com/assets/files/cmpl-compression-limiter-design-guide-uk.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners","moulded-part-design"],"processes":["fasteners","injection"],"process_groups":["inserts","mould"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the PDF (UK edition, 10/25); read the design rules: the limiter slightly shorter than the host, bolt load 25-75 % of proof, 3-5 % compression a safe limit and 5-7 % safe for most plastics, and the size tables.","claims":[{"text":"Bolt load 25 to 75 % of proof (at most 75 %); 3-5 % compression a safe limit, 5-7 % safe for most plastics","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read in the PDF. The same rules as SPIROL's 04/21 edition (spirol-cl-2021), the same publisher, so not a second source"}],"summary":"Compression limiters in bolted plastic joints: the limiter slightly shorter than the host, the bolt at 25-75 % of its proof load, 3-5 % compression a safe limit; size tables.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware","mould-design"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"henkel-loctite-design-guide-bonding-plastics","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Design Guide Bonding Plastics","authors":[],"org":"Henkel Loctite","year":null,"url":"https://dm.henkel-dam.com/is/content/henkel/Design-Guide-Bonding-Plastics","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"processes":["joining"],"process_groups":["inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"some","tested":"yes","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the PDF (Volume 5, 11/2008); read its contents and how to use the guide and its adhesive shear-strength tables, one chapter per plastic.","summary":"Henkel's Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Plastics (Volume 5, 11/2008): how to use it, and adhesive shear-strength tables, one chapter per plastic.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"sendcutsend-tab-slot","title":"Designing Sheet Metal Parts With Tab and Slots","authors":[],"org":"SendCutSend","year":2023,"url":"https://sendcutsend.com/blog/designing-sheet-metal-parts-with-tab-and-slots/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["sheet-metal","tabs-and-slots","fasteners-and-hardware"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page (published 2023-01-16, no byline). Read the slot width and height formulas, the powder-coat allowance and the tab-length rule.","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["sheet","joining"],"process_groups":["sheet","inserts"],"evidence":{"numbers":"unknown","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Tab and slot design for self-fixturing sheet metal; related post warns thin material flexes and powder coat tightens fits.","imported":"f902f001f3769809","evidence_class":"read","placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-sheet.yaml"}, {"id":"slehmann1-fastenating","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Fastenating","authors":[],"org":"slehmann1 (GitHub)","year":null,"url":"https://github.com/slehmann1/Fastenating","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners"],"processes":["fasteners"],"process_groups":["inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"none","tested":"unknown","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the repository; read the README: a tension-only bolted joint calculator (separation, yield and fatigue factors of safety, joint diagrams) with Cornwell's stiffness fits. Licence file not read.","summary":"An MIT-licensed tension-only bolted joint calculator: separation, yield and fatigue factors of safety and joint diagrams, with Cornwell's stiffness fits.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"freecad-fasteners-wb","title":"FreeCAD Fasteners Workbench","authors":["Shai Seger"],"org":"FreeCAD community (github.com/shaise)","year":null,"url":"https://github.com/shaise/FreeCAD_FastenersWB","access":"free","terms":"cited as a reference only (GPL-2.0-or-later); its code and tables are not copied into cad-agent","areas":["fasteners","pem-hardware"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: gh api (GPL-2.0, version 0.5.67, last commit 2026-09-10). Read FsData/PEMFasteners.csv and the generators: metric PEM press nuts M2–M12 (shank codes 00–2), SO and BSO standoffs M3–M5 and FH studs M2.5–M8, geometry only, with no hole, sheet or edge rules and no source; no rivets.","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":"GPL-2.0-or-later","class":"share-alike","read":false,"note":"GPL-2.0-or-later, as research/references.yaml states; text not read"},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["fasteners"],"process_groups":["inserts"],"evidence":{"numbers":"none","tested":"unknown","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"FreeCAD workbench adding and attaching various fasteners to parts.","imported":"b1f4b3569d17825a","evidence_class":"read","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"protolabs-guidelines-for-threaded-holes-in-cnc-machining","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Guidelines for Threaded Holes in CNC Machining","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs","year":null,"url":"https://protolabs.com/en-gb/services/cnc-machining/threaded-holes-guidelines","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["cnc-machining","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["cnc-mill","inserts"],"process_groups":["cnc","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"claimed","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the page (it redirects to the en-gb services page); read the thread tables: UNC and UNF from #2-56 to 1/2-13, metric coarse and fine from M2 to M12, with their depths.","claims":[{"text":"Threads offered UNC/UNF #2 to 1/2 in and metric M2 to M12","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: the page's tables run that range. No second source checked."}],"summary":"Protolabs' CNC thread tables: UNC and UNF from #2-56 to 1/2-13 and metric coarse and fine from M2 to M12, each with its thread depth.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["cnc-machining","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-cnc.yaml"}, {"id":"pcbway-hardware-installation-design-guidelines","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Hardware Installation Design Guidelines","authors":[],"org":"PCBWay","year":null,"url":"https://www.pcbway.com/blog/CNC_Machining/Hardware_Installation_Design_Guidelines_15aa42f5.html","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["sheet-metal","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["sheet","inserts"],"process_groups":["sheet","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article; read the edge (C >= 1.5 Dh) and bend clearance rules.","claims":[{"text":"Hole centre to bend tangent at least R + t + a margin, or 2t + R + 3 mm","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. SendCutSend's per-part catalogue distances differ (the map's note)"}],"summary":"PCBWay on installing hardware in sheet metal: hole centre at least 1.5 hole diameters from an edge, and from a bend tangent at least R + t plus a margin (2t + R + 3 mm).","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-sheet.yaml"}, {"id":"albany-county-fasteners-helicoil-install-guide-albany-county","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Helicoil install guide (Albany County Fasteners)","authors":[],"org":"Albany County Fasteners","year":null,"url":"https://www.albanycountyfasteners.com/media/cf/c2/cc/1764619189/insert-installation-guide.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners","cnc-machining"],"processes":["fasteners","cnc-mill"],"process_groups":["inserts","cnc"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the PDF; read the install steps per insert type (drill, STI tap, install, break the tang) and the seating depth.","claims":[{"text":"Seat the coil 1/4 to 1/2 turn below the surface; an STI tap, not a standard tap","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read in the PDF. No second source checked."}],"summary":"Helical coil insert installation by insert type: drill, tap with an STI tap (not a standard one), install, break the tang, and seat the coil 1/4 to 1/2 turn below the surface.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware","cnc-machining"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"sendcutsend-how-to-save-time-with-locating-features-for","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"How to Save Time with Locating Features for Weldments","authors":[],"org":"SendCutSend","year":null,"url":"https://sendcutsend.com/blog/how-to-save-time-with-locating-features-for-weldments/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"processes":["sheet","joining"],"process_groups":["sheet","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"unknown","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article; read it whole: a five-part 3/8 in steel weldment located by tabs and slots, each slot as wide as the plate.","summary":"Tabs and slots that locate laser-cut weldment parts without fixtures: each slot as wide as the plate thickness, the tab short of the far face where it must not show.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-sheet.yaml"}, {"id":"jawstec-why-heat-set-insert-specifications-need-scrutiny","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Jawstec: Why Heat-Set Insert Specifications Need Scrutiny","authors":[],"org":"Jawstec","year":null,"url":"https://www.jawstec.com/?p=76921","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["threaded-inserts","design-process"],"processes":["inserts","general"],"process_groups":["inserts","general"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"none","tested":"no","authority":"aggregator"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article (2026-09-04; the old ?p= link now redirects to its slug); read it whole. It retells CNC Kitchen's tests and gives no numbers of its own.","summary":"Retells CNC Kitchen's insert tests: oversized holes lose pull-out, undersized ones are hard to install and may crack; size the hole for your insert and material and test it. No numbers.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware","design-process"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"hex-technology-k-factor-finding-torque-values-for-bolted","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"K-Factor: Finding Torque Values for Bolted Joints","authors":[],"org":"Hex Technology","year":null,"url":"https://www.hextechnology.com/articles/bolt-k-factor/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners"],"processes":["fasteners"],"process_groups":["inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article; read the nut-factor method, T = K D F / 12 (ft-lb, in, lb), how K is found by test, PTFE coatings and the ASME PCC-1 (2019) Target Torque Index it shows.","claims":[{"text":"T = K D F / 12 (T in ft-lb, D in in, F in lb); K is found by test, and PTFE-coated bolts take a lower K","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. The snippet's 'K typically 0.1-0.25 (DuPont figure)' is not in the page's text"}],"summary":"Hex Technology on the nut-factor method: T = K D F / 12 (ft-lb, in, lb), with K found by test (lower for PTFE-coated bolts), and the ASME PCC-1 (2019) Target Torque Index.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"pennengineering-pem-self-clinching-nuts-bulletin-cl-pem","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Self-clinching nuts bulletin CL (PEM, hosted copy)","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering PEM (hosted copy)","year":null,"url":"https://static.chipdip.ru/lib/234/DOC027234353.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["sheet-metal","fasteners"],"processes":["sheet","fasteners"],"process_groups":["sheet","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"claimed","tested":"yes","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the bulletin PDF on the third-party host the record links; read the nut types, the sheet hardness limits and the hole tables. Not compared with pemnet.com's copy (it answers scripts with a bot check).","claims":[{"text":"CLA aluminium nuts for steel or aluminium sheet HRB 50 / HB 82 or less; hole +.003/-.000 in","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read in the PDF. No second source checked."}],"summary":"PEM's self-clinching nut bulletin: nut types, the sheet hardness each takes (CLA aluminium nuts: HRB 50 / HB 82 or less) and the mounting-hole tables (+.003/-.000 in).","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-sheet.yaml"}, {"id":"fictiv-tabs-slots","title":"Tabs and Slots for Sheet Metal Part Design","authors":["David Willson"],"org":"Fictiv","year":2025,"url":"https://www.fictiv.com/articles/sheet-metal-tabs-and-slots-assembly","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["sheet-metal","tabs-and-slots","laser-cutting","fasteners-and-hardware"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page (byline David Willson, 2025-11-20). Read tab width and length, slot clearance by process, corner radii, edge distance, tab spacing, distance from the bend tangent and kerf width.","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["sheet","joining"],"process_groups":["sheet","inserts"],"evidence":{"numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Tab and slot joint self-locates, no jigs; pairs with welding, rivets or bolts for retention.","imported":"737543bbb60367b5","evidence_class":"read","placed":["sheet-metal","laser-cutting","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-sheet.yaml"}, {"id":"protolabs-threaded-inserts-with-heat-staking-and-ultrasonic","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Threaded Inserts with Heat Staking and Ultrasonic Welding","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs","year":null,"url":"https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/resources/blog/threaded-inserts-with-heat-staking-and-ultrasonic-welding/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["moulded-part-design","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["injection","inserts"],"process_groups":["mould","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"unknown","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the page; read it whole: heat staking and ultrasonic insertion into moulded parts, the inputs Protolabs needs. No numbers.","summary":"Protolabs on putting threaded inserts into moulded parts by heat staking or ultrasonic insertion, and what it needs from the designer; no numbers.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["mould-design","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-mould.yaml"}, {"id":"pcbway-welded-sheet-metal-parts-design-guidelines","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Welded Sheet Metal Parts Design Guidelines","authors":[],"org":"PCBWay","year":null,"url":"https://www.pcbway.com/blog/Welding/Welded_Sheet_Metal_Parts_Design_Guidelines_a79851e3.html","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"processes":["sheet","joining"],"process_groups":["sheet","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article; read the weld types, the bending-first rule and the tab-and-slot and coating allowances.","claims":[{"text":"Tab width 3 to 5 x the sheet thickness, 0.1-0.15 mm clearance per side; 0.05-0.1 mm per side for powder coat","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. No second source checked."}],"summary":"PCBWay on welded sheet-metal parts: weld types, bend before welding, tabs 3-5 times the thickness with 0.1-0.15 mm clearance per side (0.05-0.1 mm per side for powder coat).","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-sheet.yaml"}, {"id":"aisis100-jl","title":"AISIS100.jl, AISI S100 cold-formed steel design in Julia","authors":[],"org":"runtosolve (github.com/runtosolve)","year":2026,"url":"https://github.com/runtosolve/AISIS100.jl","access":"free","terms":"MIT; test values may be borrowed with attribution","areas":["steel","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: gh api (MIT, pushed 2026-10-15). It has welds, bolt bearing (J3.3.1) and shear rupture, with a test per equation; no screw (J4) or blind rivet (J5) connections.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"aa-adm-2020","title":"Aluminum Design Manual 2020","authors":[],"org":"Aluminum Association","year":2020,"url":"https://www.aluminum.org/aluminum-design-manual-2020","access":"paid","terms":"cited by number and title only","areas":["materials","fasteners","rivets"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the product page: released February 2020, 9 sections, covering structural design including mechanical connections. Contents not read.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"pem-mating-screw-torque","title":"Axial Strength and Mating Screw Recommended Tightening Torque for PEM Brand Self-clinching Nuts (Unified)","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering (PEM)","year":2021,"url":"https://www.pemnet.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/Mating-Screw-tightening-torque-10_28_21-Unified.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited by part number; never copied","areas":["pem-hardware","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the sheet (© 2021, file dated 10_28_21). Read the S, CLS and SP rows: the least axial strength with a 180 ksi screw and the tightening torque by screw grade, assuming K = 0.20. The metric sheet was not found.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"bd-warehouse","title":"bd_warehouse","authors":["Roger Maitland"],"org":"github.com/gumyr","year":null,"url":"https://github.com/gumyr/bd_warehouse","access":"free","terms":"Apache-2.0; vendored with attribution","areas":["cad","fasteners"],"used_for":["vendor/bd_warehouse","research/sheet-metal-guides.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: gh api (Apache-2.0, pushed 2026-10-31). The LICENSE has no copyright line; the author is the owner's GitHub profile name.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"blueprints-structural","title":"Blueprints (blue-prints), structural engineering calculations in Python","authors":[],"org":"Blueprints-org (github.com/Blueprints-org)","year":2026,"url":"https://github.com/Blueprints-org/blueprints","access":"free","terms":"MIT; may be adopted or borrowed with attribution","areas":["fasteners","rivets","steel"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: gh api and PyPI (MIT, blue-prints 0.8.0, with tests). It implements EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4: bolt and rivet shear, bearing with edge distance and pitch, tension and punching; not the thin-sheet blind rivets of EN 1993-1-3, nor aluminium.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"pem-bulletin-cl","title":"CL Self-Clinching Nuts (Bulletin CL)","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering (PEM)","year":2026,"url":"https://www.pemnet.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/cldata.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited by part number and page; values not tabulated wholesale; never copied","areas":["sheet-metal","pem-hardware","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md","research/sheet-metal.md","src/cadagent/mechanical/clinch.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the PDF (© 2026, back page dated 10/13/26), text and the table pages rendered. Read CL-4 and CL-5 (S, SS, CLS, CLSS, SP dimensions by shank code: minimum sheet, hole +0.08 mm / +0.003 in, edge distance), CL-9 (materials, finishes and the sheet hardness each takes), CL-13 (S, CLS, CLSS push-out and torque-out in 5052-H34 and cold-rolled steel; test thickness not printed), CL-15 (SP in 304), CL-16 and CL-18 (dos and don'ts: punch side, no deburring, only SP or SMPP into stainless sheet).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"sendcutsend-countersink","title":"Countersink Design Best Practices","authors":[],"org":"SendCutSend","year":2022,"url":"https://sendcutsend.com/blog/countersink-design-best-practices","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["sheet-metal","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page (2022-12-05, no byline). Read the example edge distance (0.781 in on 5052) and the bend rule (half the die width from the bend centre).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"bulten","title":"DELTA PT: a superior thread-former for plastics (brochure version 250422)","authors":[],"org":"Bulten AB (made under licence from EJOT)","year":2025,"url":"https://www.bulten.com/media/b5eby1nc/deltapt-version-250422.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fasteners","screw-bosses"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/bosses.py","src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the 8-page PDF opened (version 250422). cadagent.mechanical.bosses takes the DELTA PT dimensions (p. 4) and boss recommendations (p. 7).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"covestro-joining","title":"Engineering Polymers: Joining Techniques - A Design Guide","authors":[],"org":"Covestro LLC","year":null,"url":"https://solutions.covestro.com/-/media/covestro/solution-center/brands/downloads/imported/1557214197.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fasteners","screw-bosses","moulding"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the 38-page PDF opened. It prints no date; its file metadata says 2015-10-30, the date cadagent.formulas cites it by.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"gesipa-eta-13-0255","title":"European Technical Assessment ETA-13/0255 (GESIPA blind rivets)","authors":[],"org":"Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt), for GESIPA Blindniettechnik GmbH","year":2022,"url":"https://www.dibt.de/pdf_storage/2022/ETA-13!0255(8.06.02-495!16)e.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited by annex, never copied (DIBt allows partial reproduction only with its written consent)","areas":["rivets","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the PDF (issued 2022-07-22). Read Annex 1 (design resistance Rd = α·Rk/γM, γM = 1.25) and annexes 3–5, 7, 8, 14–16 and 25–28 (characteristic shear, tension and joint values per rivet and sheet thickness, including PolyGrip 4.8 in aluminium of Rm 165 and 215 MPa from 0.5 mm). The end and edge distance lines read \"e1 ≤ 30 mm, e2 ≤ 25 mm\" in the extracted text, which is ambiguous.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"pem-bulletin-f","title":"F PEMSERT Self-Clinching Flush Nuts (Bulletin F)","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering (PEM)","year":2026,"url":"https://www.pemnet.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/fdata.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited by part number and page; values not tabulated wholesale; never copied","areas":["sheet-metal","pem-hardware","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the PDF (© 2026, back page dated 10/19/26). Read F-3 (sheet from 1.5 mm / 0.060 in; shank codes by thickness, hole and edge distance), F-4 (materials) and F-6 (push-out and torque). The metric F4 table prints inch thread codes beside metric values, so only its inch rows are used.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"nasa-1228","title":"Fastener Design Manual (NASA Reference Publication 1228)","authors":["Richard T. Barrett"],"org":"NASA Lewis Research Center","year":1990,"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19900009424","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied (a US government work)","areas":["fasteners"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/printed_joints.py","research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","research/process-profiles.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md","src/cadagent/mechanical/rivets.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the NTRS record opened. cadagent.mechanical.printed_joints cites pp. 6-8 (locking methods: locknuts, jam nuts, nylon patches, spring lock washers).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"pem-bulletin-fh","title":"FH Self-Clinching Studs and Pins (Bulletin FH)","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering (PEM)","year":2026,"url":"https://www.pemnet.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/fhdata.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited by part number and page; values not tabulated wholesale; never copied","areas":["sheet-metal","pem-hardware","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md","src/cadagent/mechanical/clinch.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the PDF (© 2026, back page dated 10/19/26). Read FH-5 (FH, FHS, FHA dimensions: minimum sheet, hole, head, edge distance), FH-17 (materials and sheet hardness), FH-29 (FH and FHS push-out, torque-out, pull-through and nut torque, with the test sheet's thickness and HRB) and FH-30 (FHA, FH4, FHP).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"hubs-3dp-threaded-fasteners","title":"How do you assemble 3D-printed parts? Practical tips on threads & screws for 3D printing","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs Network (formerly Hubs)","year":null,"url":"https://www.hubs.com/knowledge-base/how-assemble-3d-printed-parts-threaded-fasteners/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page; read the wall-around-a-thread rule, inserts, embedded nuts (0.2 mm offset), self-tapping pilot holes (75–80 % engagement), tapping, and printed threads (avoid below M5 in FDM).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"iso-10642","title":"ISO 10642 Fasteners - Hexagon socket countersunk head screws with reduced loadability","authors":[],"org":"ISO","year":2026,"url":"https://evs.ee/en/iso-10642-2026","access":"paid","terms":"cited by number and title only","areas":["fasteners"],"used_for":["lessons/mechanical/fasteners-and-assembly-access.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the store pages. The current edition is ISO 10642:2026 (valid from 2026-03-04); the 2019 edition is withdrawn and the 2004 edition before it. Content not read.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"iso-15977-15984","title":"ISO 15977 to ISO 15984: Open end blind rivets with break pull mandrel and protruding or countersunk head","authors":[],"org":"ISO (ISO/TC 2)","year":2002,"url":"https://committee.iso.org/home/tc2","access":"paid","terms":"cited by number and title only","areas":["rivets","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: iso.org blocks scripts, so the eight standards were read on ISO/TC 2's committee pages: all published 2002-11 and confirmed 2023. 15977 AlA/St protruding head 2.4–6.4 mm; 15978 AlA/St countersunk; 15979 St/St protruding; 15980 St/St countersunk; 15981 AlA/AlA protruding; 15982 AlA/AlA countersunk; 15983 A2/A2 protruding 3–5 mm; 15984 A2/A2 countersunk. Contents not read.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"iso-273","title":"ISO 273:1979 Fasteners - Clearance holes for bolts and screws","authors":[],"org":"ISO","year":1979,"url":"https://evs.ee/en/iso-273-1979","access":"paid","terms":"cited by number and title only","areas":["fasteners"],"aliases":["iso273"],"used_for":["proposed: lessons/process/verify-from-source.md (infer the thread from clearance-hole sizes)","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the store page; read the title and scope (fine, medium and coarse series for 1-150 mm threads). Content not read.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"iso-68-1","title":"ISO 68-1:1998 ISO general purpose screw threads - Basic profile - Part 1: Metric screw threads","authors":[],"org":"ISO","year":1998,"url":"https://evs.ee/en/iso-68-1-1998","access":"paid","terms":"cited by number and title only; never copied","areas":["fasteners","threads"],"aliases":["iso68"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py","src/cadagent/formulas/screws.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: read the Estonian standards body's listing: this edition was withdrawn on 2023-10-05 and replaced by ISO 68-1:2023 (Basic and design profiles). cadagent.formulas still cites 1998; content not read.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"iso-898-1","title":"ISO 898-1:2013 Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel - Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs with specified property classes","authors":[],"org":"ISO","year":2013,"url":"https://evs.ee/en/iso-898-1-2013","access":"paid","terms":"cited by number and title only; never copied","areas":["fasteners"],"aliases":["iso898"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py","src/cadagent/formulas/screws.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: read the Estonian standards body's listing: valid since 2013-01-14. Content not read.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"henkel-243","title":"LOCTITE 243 Technical Data Sheet","authors":[],"org":"Henkel","year":2025,"url":"https://datasheets.tdx.henkel.com/LOCTITE-243-en_GL.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["fasteners","threadlockers"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/printed_joints.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the PDF opened (5 pages). cadagent.mechanical.printed_joints cites its April 2025 edition's General Information: not normally recommended on plastics, particularly thermoplastics, for stress cracking.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"marson-rivet-catalog","title":"Marson Rivets, Rivet Nuts and Installation Tools (AFS6010 0518)","authors":[],"org":"Arconic Fastening Systems (Marson; now Howmet)","year":2018,"url":"https://mm.digikey.com/Volume0/opasdata/d220001/medias/docus/5880/a3862.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited by part number and page; never copied (a distributor-hosted copy of the maker's catalogue)","areas":["rivets","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md","src/cadagent/mechanical/rivets.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the DigiKey-hosted PDF (© 2018). Read the design information p. 4 (rated strength times count meets the load, compatible body material, grip covers the stack, oversize holes lose strength, button head twice the body), the drill table (1/8 in: #30, 0.129–0.133 in) and the open, closed and multi-grip strength tables (IFI-114 grades). Also found the 2020 full-line catalogue at https://www.howmet.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/05/Marson_Full_Line_Catalog.pdf.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"mmpds","title":"Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS)","authors":[],"org":"Battelle","year":2026,"url":"https://www.mmpds.org/","access":"paid","terms":"cited by number and title only","areas":["fasteners","rivets","materials"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened mmpds.org, which says MMPDS-2026 is released. MIL-HDBK-5J (2003) was cancelled in favour of MMPDS-01 (everyspec listing). Contents not read.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"mil-std-889c","title":"MIL-STD-889C: Dissimilar Metals","authors":[],"org":"US Department of Defense (NAVAIR)","year":2016,"url":"https://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-0800-0899/MIL-STD-889C_55418/","access":"free","terms":"cited by section and table, never copied (distribution statement A, public release)","areas":["corrosion","rivets","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md","src/cadagent/mechanical/rivets.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the PDF (22 August 2016; superseded by 889D in 2021). Read 5.1.3 (the small fastener the same metal or more noble), 5.1.6, 5.2a (stainless screws in aluminium acceptable with sealed faying edges, not the reverse), Table I (aluminium with carbon steel or austenitic stainless incompatible in marine and industrial settings) and Table II.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"nasa-std-5020b","title":"NASA-STD-5020B: Requirements for Threaded Fastening Systems in Spaceflight Hardware","authors":[],"org":"NASA","year":2021,"url":"https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/NASA/NASA-STD-5020","access":"free","terms":"cited by number and title only so far, never copied (a US government work)","areas":["fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the NASA standards page: document date 2021-08-06, revalidated 2026-01-05, PDF linked. The PDF was not read.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"junker-1969","title":"New Criteria for Self-Loosening of Fasteners Under Vibration","authors":["Gerhard H. Junker"],"org":"SAE Transactions 78, SAE technical paper 690055","year":1969,"url":"https://doi.org/10.4271/690055","access":"paid","terms":"cited by author, title and paper number; never copied","areas":["fasteners","vibration"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/printed_joints.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the DOI, title, author and year checked against Crossref.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"pem-catalog-self-clinching-nuts","title":"PEM self-clinching nuts types S, SS, CLS, CLSS, SP: catalogue pages CLS-M3-1 and SP-M3-1","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering (PEM)","year":null,"url":"https://catalog.pemnet.com/item/nuts-types-s-ss-cls-clss-cla-sp/self-clinching-nuts-types-s-ss-cls-clss-sp-metric/cls-m3-1","access":"free","terms":"cited by part number; values not tabulated wholesale; never copied","areas":["sheet-metal","pem-hardware","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the CLS-M3-1 and SP-M3-1 pages. Read minimum sheet thickness 1.00 mm, hole in sheet 4.22 +0.08 mm, minimum hole centreline to edge 4.8 mm, and the sheet hardness limits (CLS, 300-series stainless: HRB 70 / HB 125 or less; SP, A286: HRB 90 / HB 185 or less), plus the footnotes. pemnet.com itself returned empty bot-check pages; the catalogue subdomain worked.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"avdel-breakstem-catalog","title":"POP Avdel Breakstem Riveting Systems (NA P3200 02 2015)","authors":[],"org":"Stanley Engineered Fastening (POP, Avdel)","year":2015,"url":"https://www.stanleyengineeredfastening.com/","access":"free","terms":"cited by part number and page; never copied","areas":["rivets","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the 128-page PDF from Stanley Engineered Fastening's resource library. Read p. 5 (same material as the parent to reduce corrosion; hole per data sheet), Avex pp. 77–78, Monobolt p. 93 and Interlock pp. 100–103 (grip, hole, head, shear and tensile; minimum and typical where printed).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"pop-rivet-catalog","title":"POP Blind Riveting Systems (catalogue P3100 Rev. D)","authors":[],"org":"Emhart Teknologies (Stanley Engineered Fastening)","year":2012,"url":"https://www.stanleyengineeredfastening.com/-/media/Web/SEF/Resources/Docs/POP/POP-Rivet-Catalog.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited by part number and page with the values as facts; the catalogue is never copied","areas":["rivets","fasteners","corrosion"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","research/process-profiles.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md","src/cadagent/mechanical/rivets.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the 68-page PDF (© 2012, Rev. D 6/12; the URL redirects to Stanley's CDN). Read the design guidelines pp. 10–12 (edge distance at least twice the diameter for full strength, open end down to 0.020 in aluminium, closed end seals to 100 psi, large flange twice the bearing area, the galvanic chart), the materials p. 7, the open, closed and multi-grip tables pp. 14–41 (hole range, head, grip by length code, shear and tensile per rivet, all \"typical\") and the front-end kits p. 60. It says its rivets are not certified for structural aerospace use.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"ranf-thread-fast","title":"ranf_thread_fast, threaded fastener and bolted joint analysis","authors":[],"org":"github.com/tpw809","year":2026,"url":"https://github.com/tpw809/ranf_thread_fast","access":"free","terms":"MIT; test values may be borrowed with attribution","areas":["fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: gh api (MIT, pushed 2026-10-10, not on PyPI). Read the README and the example reproducing NASA TM-2012-217454. It covers bolt preload, separation and strength, not sheet bearing or rivets.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"covestro-screws","title":"Self-tapping screws for thermoplastics (COV00073610)","authors":[],"org":"Covestro Deutschland AG","year":2016,"url":"https://solutions.covestro.com/-/media/covestro/solution-center/whitepapers/self-tapping-screws-for-thermoplastics.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fasteners","screw-bosses","moulding"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py","src/cadagent/formulas/screws.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the 4-page PDF opened; it is COV00073610, edition 2016-04, as cadagent.formulas cites it.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"sff-8201","title":"SFF-8201 2.5\" Form Factor Drive Dimensions, Rev 3.4","authors":[],"org":"SNIA SFF Technology Affiliate","year":2018,"url":"https://members.snia.org/document/dl/25851","access":"free","terms":"cited; never copied","areas":["storage","fasteners"],"used_for":["lessons/mechanical/fasteners-and-assembly-access.md","lessons/mechanical/enclosure-features.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the PDF (Rev 3.4, 2018-01-19). Read the change history (side holes mandatory and bottom holes optional for 7 mm drives), the M3 thread, the side-hole positions (A50 14.00, A51 90.60 mm) and the maximum fastener penetration (A38 2.00 mm for drives up to 7 mm, 3.00 mm above; A41 2.50 mm).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"sff-8301","title":"SFF-8301 3.5\" Form Factor Drive Dimensions, Rev 1.9","authors":[],"org":"SNIA SFF Technology Affiliate","year":2018,"url":"https://members.snia.org/document/dl/25862","access":"free","terms":"cited; never copied","areas":["storage","fasteners"],"used_for":["lessons/mechanical/fasteners-and-assembly-access.md","lessons/mechanical/enclosure-features.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the PDF (Rev 1.9, 2018-01-19); read the fastener penetration limits (2.39 and 3.56 mm).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"shigley","title":"Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design, 10th edition","authors":["Richard G. Budynas","J. Keith Nisbett"],"org":"McGraw-Hill Education","year":2015,"isbn":"978-0-07-339820-4","access":"print","terms":"cited by author, title, edition and section; never copied","areas":["fasteners","beams","springs","bolted-joints"],"aliases":["shigley-shear","shigley-beam","shigley-torque"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py","src/cadagent/formulas/inserts.py","src/cadagent/formulas/limiters.py","src/cadagent/formulas/screws.py","src/cadagent/formulas/springs.py","src/cadagent/mechanical/printed_joints.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the title and ISBN checked against the Open Library record (it gives the printing year 2014; the book's copyright year is 2015, as cadagent.formulas cites it). The sections are cited where they are used: cadagent.formulas, and cadagent.mechanical.printed_joints under its keys shigley-shear (Section 8-12), shigley-beam (Sections 3-9 to 3-11) and shigley-torque (Section 8-8, Eq. 8-27, Table 8-15).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"shigley-8e","title":"Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design, 8th edition","authors":["Richard G. Budynas","J. Keith Nisbett"],"org":"McGraw-Hill","year":2008,"isbn":"978-0-07-312193-2","access":"print","terms":"cited by author, title, edition and table; never copied","areas":["fasteners","friction"],"aliases":["rothbart"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: only the edition and ISBN were checked (Open Library); the book was not opened. cadagent.mechanical.inserts (key rothbart) takes its screw-in-brass-nut friction from this edition's table after H. A. Rothbart, Mechanical Design and Systems Handbook, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1985 (ISBN 978-0-07-054020-0). The values were read from AmesWeb's copy of that table, https://amesweb.info/Screws/screw-nut-collar-friction-table.aspx (it resolved on 2026-11-01), not from the book.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"pem-bulletin-so","title":"SO Self-Clinching Standoffs (Bulletin SO)","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering (PEM)","year":2026,"url":"https://www.pemnet.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/sodata.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited by part number and page; values not tabulated wholesale; never copied","areas":["sheet-metal","pem-hardware","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md","src/cadagent/mechanical/clinch.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the PDF (© 2026, back page dated 6/12/26). Read SO-3 and SO-4 (SO and BSO dimensions: minimum sheet, hole, edge distance), SO-9 (materials and sheet hardness) and SO-12 (push-out, torque-out, pull-through and the most screw torque in 1.5 mm / 0.060 in 5052-H34 and cold-rolled steel; SO4 in 300 series stainless).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"pem-fastener-guide","title":"The Design Engineer's Fastener Guide","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering (PEM)","year":2022,"url":"https://www.pemnet.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/09/Fastener-Guide_9-02-22.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["pem-hardware","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md"],"verified":"2026-11-01: downloaded the 20-page PDF (the download-centre page asks for a form; the direct link does not) and skimmed it. A general overview of fastening methods; no rule is taken from it.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"pem-handbook","title":"The Self Clinching Fastener Handbook","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering (PEM)","year":2025,"url":"https://www.pemnet.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/self-clinching-fastener-handbook.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited by page with the values as facts; the PDF, its tables and figures are never copied (PEM's terms of use allow personal, non-commercial use only)","areas":["sheet-metal","pem-hardware","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","research/process-profiles.md","research/sheet-metal-joining.md","research/sheet-metal.md","src/cadagent/mechanical/clinch.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: opened the 20-page PDF (© 2025, created 2025-11-14) through pdftotext. Read HB-4 (the sheet softer than the fastener, about 20 points of Rockwell B), HB-5 (general push-out and torque-out for -1 shank nuts; push-out about 5–10 % of the installation force), HB-6 (the most sheet hardness each fastener material takes and typical sheet hardness), HB-9 (holes +0.003 in / +0.08 mm, broken edges at most 0.005 in, punch side at 0.09 in / 2.29 mm and up, no deburring; install after plating or anodising), HB-10, HB-12 (edge distances for one edge only, the bend rule, spacing = C/L to edge + half the second hole, never after paint or powder coat) and HB-14 (0.030–0.040 in usual minimum sheet).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"}, {"id":"3m-scotch-weld-structural-adhesive-selection-guide","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"3M Scotch-Weld Structural Adhesive Selection Guide","authors":[],"org":"3M","year":null,"url":"https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/2493104O/3M%20Scotch-Weld%20SA%20Selection%20Guide%20Brochure.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"processes":["joining"],"process_groups":["inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"yes","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Optimum bond line about 125-500 micrometres","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Structural adhesive selection with joint design guidance: favor shear, tension, compression over peel and cleavage. Note: Snippet via summary","used_for":[],"imported":"f680bc0132b08204","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"ejot-delta-pt-flyer","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"EJOT DELTA PT flyer","authors":[],"org":"EJOT","year":null,"url":"https://www.ejot.de/medias/sys_master/Industry_Flyer/Industry_Flyer/h11/hc7/9331662782494/EJOT-DELTA-PT-Flyer-08.23-en.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners","moulded-part-design"],"processes":["fasteners","injection"],"process_groups":["inserts","mould"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Hole 0.8 x d1 (up to 0.88 x d1); counterbore 1.05 x d1; hole depth 2 x d1","status":"corroborated","evidence":"Bulten (DELTA PT licensee): boss hole most favourable 0.8 x d. Counterbore 1.05 d1 and depth 2 d1 only seen on EJOT flyer. Bulten may copy EJOT."}],"summary":"Thread-forming screw for plastics with boss diagram: pilot hole, counterbore and hole depth relative to screw diameter. Note: Thermoplastic boss data; verify for PA6-CF","used_for":[],"imported":"a066d07758f09d24","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware","mould-design"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"bossard-fastening-technology-self-tapping-screws-for-plastic","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Fastening Technology: self-tapping screws for plastic","authors":[],"org":"Bossard","year":null,"url":"https://www.bossard.com.cn/cn-en/knowledge-hub/inspiration/blog/self-tapping-screws-plastic/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners"],"processes":["fasteners"],"process_groups":["inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Material around hole 1.8-2.5 mm thick","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No search result mentioned a 1.8-2.5 mm wall; sources give boss wall as 40-60% of nominal or defer to testing (Pencom)."}],"summary":"Why plastic needs special thread profiles; low-torque forming screw; boss material thickness advice. Note: Snippet only","used_for":[],"imported":"990542db4fa51100","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"sendcutsend-guidelines-for-hardware-insertion","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Guidelines for Hardware Insertion","authors":[],"org":"SendCutSend","year":null,"url":"https://sendcutsend.com/guidelines/hardware/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["sheet-metal","threaded-inserts","fasteners"],"processes":["sheet","inserts","fasteners"],"process_groups":["sheet","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Catalog min hole centerline to edge or bend typically about 0.23 to 0.31 in","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"Other sources give hole-to-edge as 1-1.5x thickness (laser) or 2x (punched); no absolute 0.23-0.31 in figure from an independent publisher."}],"summary":"PEM hardware placement: minimum hole centre to edge or bend per SKU, hole-to-hole spacing, resized mount holes. Note: Values per SKU in catalog; check part.","used_for":[],"imported":"bb19e01c00a74fa4","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-sheet.yaml"}, {"id":"printables-heat-inserts-and-3d-printing-a-guide","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Heat Inserts and 3D-printing - a guide","authors":[],"org":"Printables (community author)","year":null,"url":"https://www.printables.com/article/heat-inserts-and-3d-printing-a-guide-W5ob2VN","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Iron at 240 C; insert larger end up; iron perpendicular to hole","status":"conflicting","evidence":"Iron temp varies by material: CNC Kitchen print temp +10-20C; supplier table PLA 177-204C, PETG 218-246C, nylon 232-260C. 240C only fits PETG."}],"summary":"Soldering-iron heat-set insert method for FDM: temperature, orientation, keeping iron perpendicular. Note: Community article","used_for":[],"imported":"ccc7f3cca1a17dab","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}, {"id":"mcmaster-carr-how-to-install-key-locking-inserts","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"How to Install Key-Locking Inserts","authors":[],"org":"McMaster-Carr","year":null,"url":"https://www.mcmaster.com/thread-adapting-inserts","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners","cnc-machining"],"processes":["fasteners","cnc-mill"],"process_groups":["inserts","cnc"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Key-locking insert install notes; tap size can differ from insert thread; comparable to Keensert. Note: Snippet had no figures","used_for":[],"imported":"10df785e1caac2e9","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware","cnc-machining"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"pennengineering-pem-pem-blind-fastener-bulletin-b-mouser","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"PEM blind fastener bulletin B (Mouser copy)","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering PEM (hosted copy)","year":null,"url":"https://mouser.com/datasheet/2/974/bdata-3555378.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["sheet-metal","fasteners"],"processes":["sheet","fasteners"],"process_groups":["sheet","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"yes","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"B-series blind fastener data including push-out and torque-out values in 5052 aluminum and steel sheet. Note: Table values not visible in snippet","used_for":[],"imported":"e10f8a3f7a8c13b4","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-sheet.yaml"}, {"id":"pennengineering-pem-self-clinching-blind-fasteners-b-bs","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"PEM self-clinching blind fasteners B/BS datasheet","authors":[],"org":"PennEngineering (PEM)","year":null,"url":"https://catalog.pemnet.com/item/blind-nuts-types-b-bs/self-clinching-blind-fasteners-types-b-bs-unified/bs-440-2?dlpdf=t","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["sheet-metal","threaded-inserts","fasteners"],"processes":["sheet","inserts","fasteners"],"process_groups":["sheet","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Min hole C/L to edge .19 in; sheet hardness HRB 70 or less (#4-40 stainless)","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"Other PEM-catalog part numbers (M5 blind nut 7.10 mm) are PEM or PEM-distributor (Zygology) pages; generic 1.5-2x hole diameter from PCBWay. No independent .19 in match."}],"summary":"Catalog datasheet gives hole centre to edge and sheet hardness limits for self-clinching blind fasteners. Note: Per-part datasheet, not a design guide.","used_for":[],"imported":"b526be6734a32add","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["sheet-metal","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-sheet.yaml"}, {"id":"stanley-engineered-fastening-pop-rivet-design-guidelines","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"POP Rivet Design Guidelines","authors":[],"org":"Stanley Engineered Fastening","year":null,"url":"https://stanleyengineeredfastening.com:443/en/brands/POP/POP%20Rivet%20Design%20Guidelines","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners","fasteners-and-hardware"],"processes":["fasteners","joining"],"process_groups":["inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"POP rivet design guidelines listing size, material and spacing variables; no spacing numbers in snippet. Note: URL contains spaces and port as shown.","used_for":[],"imported":"180c7c9c3ed3bd24","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"stanley-engineered-fastening-pop-rivet-selection-factors","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"POP Rivet Selection Factors","authors":[],"org":"Stanley Engineered Fastening","year":null,"url":"https://www.stanleyengineeredfastening.com:443/en/brands/POP/POP%20Rivet%20Selection%20Factors","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fasteners","sheet-metal"],"processes":["fasteners","sheet"],"process_groups":["inserts","sheet"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Oversized hole lowers shear and tensile strength","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Blind rivet selection: grip range, shear and tensile ratings, effect of oversize holes. Note: Snippet via summary","used_for":[],"imported":"13934b9d37e1f31d","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["fasteners-and-hardware","sheet-metal"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-inserts.yaml"}, {"id":"xometry-threaded-holes-xometry","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Threaded Holes (Xometry)","authors":[],"org":"Xometry","year":null,"url":"https://www.xometry.com/resources/machining/threaded-holes/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["cnc-machining","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["cnc-mill","inserts"],"process_groups":["cnc","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Deep threaded hole: thread depth over 1.5x thread diameter.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Defines deep threaded hole and advises adding a boss for extra thread thickness. Note: Snippet only","used_for":[],"imported":"8d3dfe6233dcfafd","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["cnc-machining","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-cnc.yaml"} ] }