{
  "schema": "cad-agent-references/1",
  "built": "2026-11-04T22:52:31-08:00",
  "revision": "3a4ec137a2a7cf52fa6072b5bc81b7e320d49701",
  "area": {
    "slug": "3d-printing",
    "title": "3D printing",
    "domain": "manufacturing",
    "scope": "FDM, SLA, SLS and MJF parts, from orientation to slicing."
  },
  "fields": {
    "status": "`source`: read, with a dated `verified` note, and may be cited. `catalogued`: listed from a survey and not yet read; never cite one",
    "kind": "what the source is (research/references/vocab.yaml `kind`); a read source from before schema 2 has none",
    "evidence_class": "its rung on the evidence ladder, lowest first: snippet-only, read, verified-at-source, encoded, measured",
    "confidence": "#143: {level, estimate, sources}, derived from the evidence; `unknown` when the record has no evidence block",
    "licence": "{spdx, class, read, note}: `read: false` means the licence text was not read, only stated by the survey",
    "placed": "the docs/areas.yaml areas the record is listed in (`unplaced` when its areas match none)",
    "placed_note": "its row on the site, which [ref:<id>] in any page links to, is /references/<first placed area>#<id>",
    "vocab": "every coded value is explained in research/references/vocab.yaml"
  },
  "index": "https://cad-agent.valpatel.com/catalog/references/index.json",
  "count": 82,
  "coverage": [
    {
      "id": "ca-3-minimum-wall-and-feature-size-fdm-sla",
      "number": "3",
      "topic": "Minimum wall and feature size FDM/SLA/SLS/MJF",
      "status": "implemented",
      "areas": [
        "3d-printing"
      ],
      "where": "src/cadagent/manufacturing/dfm.py:80 KINDS, :259 check; research/process-profiles.yaml:225 (fdm-wall-min-hubs), :947 (sla-wall-min-formlabs-form4), :1510 (sls), :2217 (mjf)",
      "defaults": "FDM wall 0.45-1.2 mm or 3 x nozzle; SLA 0.2-0.6 mm by printer; SLS 0.3-1.5 mm; MJF 0.3-0.5 mm (ideal 2.5); hole, pin, slot, text, bridge, overhang kinds",
      "sources": "Prusa, Hubs, Xometry, Formlabs Form 2/3/4, HP, Protolabs, Materialise, EOS, Stratasys Direct, JLC3DP (rule ids carry source)",
      "gap": "Verdict is lenient (fail only beyond all sources); Stratasys SLS 1.0 mm and Sculpteo MJF 1-2 mm snippets not rows; no per-material wall (PA-CF, TPU).",
      "placed": [
        "3d-printing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-4-print-orientation-z-strength-derating",
      "number": "4",
      "topic": "Print orientation, Z-strength derating, fibre-filled nylon",
      "status": "partly",
      "areas": [
        "fdm"
      ],
      "where": "src/cadagent/manufacturing/dfm.py:165 _layers; mechanical/compliant/allowables.py:252 PRINTED; manufacturing/process.py:349 FDM_MATERIALS; profile:133 fdm-orientation-z-*",
      "defaults": "Z/XY strength 0.40-0.90, strain 0.10-0.61 (PLA,PETG,ASA,CoPA); PA6-CF20 keeps 90-96% strain; 13 filaments, dry/wet PA; MJF Z strain 0.53; stress within 10 deg of layers = in-plane",
      "sources": "Bambu and Polymaker TDS (editions kept), Allum 2020 (allowables.py:3), HP MJF 5200 properties",
      "gap": "No orientation advisor (choose build direction from loads, supports, bed); no PA12-CF, PAHT-CF, TPU rows; SLS/SLA Z derating absent; PA-CF Z strength only from one maker.",
      "draft_issue": {
        "title": "Add print-orientation advisor and PA12-CF/PAHT-CF filament rows",
        "body": "Anisotropy is checked only for a stress vector the caller supplies. Add a helper that scores candidate build directions (layer-crossing stress, overhang, bed fit) and TDS rows for PA12-CF, PAHT-CF, TPU; extend Z derating to SLS/SLA.",
        "posted": false
      },
      "placed": [
        "3d-printing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-14-print-bed-fit-and-plate-packing",
      "number": "14",
      "topic": "Print bed fit and plate packing",
      "status": "implemented",
      "areas": [
        "3d-printing"
      ],
      "where": "src/cadagent/manufacturing/plates.py:288 pack; prusa3mf.py:151 height check; mesh3mf.py:44 center_on_bed",
      "defaults": "Gap 5 mm, margin 5 mm default; footprint packing with keep-out areas; error if a part is off the bed or taller than the printer",
      "sources": "none cited (engineering defaults)",
      "gap": "No standalone bed-fit check in dfm.check, no tilt/diagonal placement or per-printer envelope table, no split-for-bed helper.",
      "placed": [
        "3d-printing"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "records": [
    {"id":"padt-adding-inserts-to-3d-printed-parts-hardware-tips","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Adding Inserts to 3D Printed Parts: Hardware Tips (GrabCAD Print)","authors":[],"org":"PADT (Stratasys reseller)","year":2019,"url":"https://www.padtinc.com/2019/08/06/adding-inserts-to-3d-printed-parts-hardware-tips-plus-one-click-design-in-grabcad-print-advanced-fdm/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","aliases":["padt-inserts"],"licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"encoded","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"high","estimate":0.9,"sources":3},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article (2019-08-06); read it whole: holes from the insert's data sheet, slightly undersized; Stratasys Insight's four to six contours round each insert hole; GrabCAD Print's insert holes.","claims":[{"text":"Several contours round each insert hole for pull-out and torque-out (Stratasys Insight: four to six)","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. LulzBot (two or more) and SPIROL (at least the metric size) also ask several; the counts differ and SPIROL's governs (its tests). Kept as the range's upper end, fdm-insert-contours-padt","corroborated_by":["lulzbot-tips-and-tricks-heat-set-inserts","spirol-3dp"]}],"summary":"PADT on inserts in Stratasys FDM parts (2019): size the hole from the insert's data sheet, slightly under; Stratasys Insight sets four to six contours round each insert hole, and GrabCAD Print makes insert holes itself.","rules":["fdm-insert-contours-padt"],"checks":["inserts.check_joint","inserts.perimeter_counts"],"used_for":["docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"status":"source","evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"cnckitchen-heat-set-hole-size","title":"Are Our Heat-Set Insert Datasheets Wrong?","authors":["Stefan Hermann"],"org":"CNC Kitchen","year":2026,"url":"https://cnckitchen.com/blog/are-our-heat-set-insert-datasheets-wrong","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm","fasteners","threaded-inserts"],"aliases":["cnck-2026"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","docs/inserts.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the article (2026-03-28); read the pull-out test of about 50 M3 inserts in PLA over hole diameters 3.6–4.6 mm: printed holes about 0.25 mm under CAD, 4.0 mm nominal, 4.2 mm in CAD as the sweet spot at about 90 % of the highest pull-out force, and 0.2–0.3 mm added in CAD for small inserts.","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"domains":["general"],"evidence":{"numbers":"measured","tested":"yes","authority":"independent-tested","class":"encoded"},"confidence":{"level":"high","estimate":0.9,"sources":2},"claims":[{"text":"Size the hole so the insert just pre-seats with slight resistance; oversize holes lose pull-out fast (drilled M3: the big drop between 4.1 and 4.2 mm)","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. SPIROL's white paper agrees: larger holes decrease performance, smaller ones stress and crack the plastic. Encoded as the hole band in inserts.check_joint","corroborated_by":["spirol-how-to-design-the-proper-hole-for-heat-ultrasonic"]},{"text":"Printed holes came out about 0.25 mm under CAD (CORE One L, PolySonic PLA); add 0.2-0.3 mm in CAD for small inserts; every printer and material shrinks holes differently","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen's 2019 test measured 0.1 mm on an Original Prusa in Prusament. printed_hole keeps both as the published range, takes 0.25 mm (the measurement behind its pull-out tests) and lets a coupon govern; E-Z LOK also says hole sizes vary with material and tools"}],"summary":"Tensile-tester pull-out tests of heat-set inserts at several hole diameters; compares printed to drilled holes.","rules":["fdm-hole-undersize-cnckitchen","fdm-insert-hole-cad-offset-cnckitchen","fdm-insert-hole-m3-nominal-cnckitchen"],"checks":["inserts.check_joint","inserts.hole_design","inserts.printed_hole"],"evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"nophead-polyholes","kind":"article","category":"design-guides","title":"Polyholes","authors":["nophead"],"org":"HydraRaptor (blog)","year":2011,"url":"https://hydraraptor.blogspot.com/2011/02/polyholes.html","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"unclear","read":false,"note":"A personal blog; no licence seen. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"encoded","numbers":"measured","tested":"yes","authority":"independent-tested"},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the post (2011-02-05); read it whole: the faceting, segment-pausing, arc-shrinkage and corner-cutting causes of small holes, the test plates and the polyhole rule.","claims":[{"text":"A mesh's polygon shrinks a hole by cos(pi / n): 10 vertices leave 5 %, 22 leave 1 %","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page; plain geometry. CNC Kitchen's 2019 test names triangulation as a cause too. Encoded as cadagent.formulas.facet_diameter","corroborated_by":["cnck-2019"]},{"text":"A hole of d mm drawn with max(round(2 d), 3) vertices on a circle of d / cos(pi / n) prints to size on two of his machines (0.4 and 0.5 mm nozzles)","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page; one author's drill-gauge test. Encoded as cadagent.formulas.polyhole, reported beside the round hole, which CNC Kitchen's insert tests govern"},{"text":"The RepRap arc-compensation formula under-predicts the shrink; corner cutting adds to it","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. printed_hole uses the formula only as a floor"}],"summary":"Why printed holes come out small (mesh facets, arc shrinkage, corner cutting) and the polyhole rule that draws them as few-sided polygons that print to size.","rules":[],"checks":["formulas.facet_diameter","formulas.polyhole","inserts.printed_hole"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py","src/cadagent/formulas/inserts.py","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"confidence":{"level":"high","estimate":0.9,"sources":2},"status":"source","evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"reprap-arc-compensation","kind":"guide","category":"design-guides","title":"Arc Compensation","authors":[],"org":"RepRap project (RepRap wiki)","year":2015,"url":"https://reprap.org/wiki/ArcCompensation","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"share-alike","read":false,"note":"The wiki's footer shows a GNU Free Documentation License badge; the licence text was not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"encoded","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the wiki page (last edited 2015-07-19); read the derivation r = (t + sqrt(t^2 + 4 R^2)) / 2 and its table for a 0.5 mm track.","claims":[{"text":"A track t wide round a hole of radius R needs its centre line at r = (t + sqrt(t^2 + 4 R^2)) / 2; for t = 0.5 mm, R = 2 mm gives 2.27 mm","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page; tests reproduce its table (cadagent.formulas.arc_path_radius). Nophead credits the formula and finds it under-predicts the shrink, so printed_hole takes it as a floor"}],"summary":"The area balance that says how far a perimeter's path must move out for a small printed hole to come out to size; a floor on the shrink, not all of it.","rules":[],"checks":["formulas.arc_path_radius","formulas.arc_printed_diameter","inserts.printed_hole"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py","src/cadagent/formulas/inserts.py","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":1},"status":"source","evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"cnck-2019","title":"Threaded Inserts for 3D Prints - Cheap VS Expensive","authors":["Stefan Hermann"],"org":"CNC Kitchen","year":2019,"url":"https://www.cnckitchen.com/blog/threaded-inserts-for-3d-prints-cheap-vs-expensive","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["inserts","fdm","threaded-inserts"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the article (2019-12-07) opened; read for cadagent.mechanical.inserts (#230), its pull-out tests.","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"numbers":"measured","tested":"yes","authority":"independent-tested","class":"encoded"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"ruthex M3 pulled out at 181 kg on average in a 4.0 mm hole, eBay inserts 157 kg in 4.1 mm, cheap moulded ones 39 kg in 4.5 mm; every insert held 3-4 N m until the bolt head sheared (100 % infill)","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page: \"4.0mm holes for the Ruthex, 4.1mm holes for the eBay inserts and 4.5 for the injection molding parts\", as the snippet had it. The ruthex result is a row of inserts.TESTS, so the calibration reproduces it"},{"text":"Printed holes came out 0.1 mm small on an Original Prusa in Prusament (strips of 4-5 mm holes in 0.1 mm steps, gauged with drill bits); STL triangulation and shrinkage are among the causes","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen's 2026 test measured 0.25 mm on another printer and PLA: printed_hole keeps 0.1-0.25 mm as the range (rule fdm-hole-undersize-cnckitchen-2019)"}],"summary":"Pull-out and torque-out tests of M3 heat-set inserts in printed holes of several diameters; knurl pattern and hole size drive results.","rules":["fdm-hole-undersize-cnckitchen-2019"],"checks":["inserts.calibration","inserts.printed_hole"],"evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"cnckitchen-heat-set-tips","title":"Tips & Tricks for Heat-Set Inserts used in 3D printing","authors":["Stefan Hermann"],"org":"CNC Kitchen","year":2021,"url":"https://cnckitchen.com/blog/tips-and-tricks-for-heat-set-inserts","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm","fasteners","threaded-inserts"],"aliases":["cnck-tips"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","docs/inserts.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the article (published 2021-10-01, since updated); read the iron temperature (10–20 °C above printing temperature), the 90 % melt-in, and the hole rules (blind hole about 1 mm deeper than the insert, straight not tapered, no chamfer, glue into stepped holes in resin).","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"numbers":"some","tested":"unknown","authority":"independent-tested","class":"encoded"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"claims":[{"text":"A blind hole about 1 mm deeper than the insert is long; through holes no longer than the insert; straight, not tapered","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. ruthex's size table (L + 1 mm min.) agrees; SPIROL asks L + 2 pitches. hole_design takes the deepest (rule fdm-insert-blind-depth-cnckitchen)","corroborated_by":["ruthex"]},{"text":"Normally no chamfer at the hole's edge","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. EPFL's wiki asks a 0.3-0.5 mm chamfer, LulzBot a chamfered edge for the melt and Plastics Technology a lead-in chamfer for moulded parts. hole_design keeps none (the maker's own advice for its inserts); a chamfer stays the designer's choice"},{"text":"Iron 10-20 degC above the printing temperature (PLA about 225, PETG 245, ABS 265 degC)","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. EPFL and LulzBot set the iron to the printing temperature itself (EPFL: 230 degC for PETG)"}],"summary":"Practical heat-set insert advice for printed parts: blind hole depth and chamfer.","rules":["fdm-insert-blind-depth-cnckitchen"],"checks":["inserts.check_joint","inserts.hole_design"],"evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"lulzbot-tips-and-tricks-heat-set-inserts","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Tips and Tricks: Heat-Set Inserts","authors":[],"org":"LulzBot","year":2017,"url":"https://lulzbot.com/learn/tips-and-tricks-heat-set-inserts","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","aliases":["lulzbot-inserts"],"licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"encoded","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the page (2017-04-17); read it whole: installation with a soldering iron at the printing temperature and the design tips.","claims":[{"text":"Set the wall round the insert to a whole multiple of the extrusion width so it prints as solid perimeters; two or more perimeters","status":"encoded","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. Prusa's modelling guide agrees walls come in whole perimeters. Encoded as fdm-insert-wall-perimeters-lulzbot, boss_design's solid outside and check_joint's boss perimeters row","corroborated_by":["prusa-modeling-for-3dp"]},{"text":"A chamfered edge on the hole leaves room for the melt","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen asks no chamfer"}],"summary":"LulzBot on heat-set inserts (2017): install with a soldering iron at the printing temperature; make the wall round the insert a whole number of extrusion widths, two or more perimeters, and chamfer the hole for the melt.","rules":["fdm-insert-wall-perimeters-lulzbot"],"checks":["inserts.boss_design","inserts.check_joint","inserts.perimeter_counts"],"used_for":["docs/inserts.md","research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"status":"source","evidence_class":"encoded","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"formlabs-3d-printing-threads-and-adding-threaded-inserts-to","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"3D Printing Threads and Adding Threaded Inserts to 3D Printed Parts","authors":[],"org":"Formlabs","year":null,"url":"https://formlabs.com/blog/adding-screw-threads-3d-printed-parts/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["sla","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"verified-at-source","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article; read the inserts, threads and self-tapping sections.","claims":[{"text":"Brittle, low-elongation resins (Formlabs' Rigid) may crack with self-tapping screws","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. No second source checked."},{"text":"Heat-set inserts go into thermoset (SLA) parts with CA glue or epoxy, the boss at the insert's widest diameter","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen glues its inserts into resin prints with thick CA glue","corroborated_by":["cnckitchen-heat-set-tips"]}],"summary":"Formlabs on threads and inserts in resin (SLA) parts: heat-set inserts go in with CA glue or epoxy, the boss at the insert's widest diameter; brittle resins may crack with self-tapping screws.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"verified-at-source","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"epfl-make-how-to-use-threaded-inserts-epfl-makerspace-wiki","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"How to use threaded inserts (EPFL makerspace wiki)","authors":[],"org":"EPFL Make","year":null,"url":"https://make.epfl.ch/wiki/public/spot_-_3d_printing/how_to_use_threaded_inserts","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","aliases":["epfl-inserts"],"licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"verified-at-source","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the wiki page (modified 2026-09-04); read it whole. The snippet's 'hole about 0.4 mm under the insert's OD' is not on it: it says to use the maker's hole.","claims":[{"text":"Use the maker's hole diameter, depth and wall, with at least 1 mm more depth","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen asks the same 1 mm","corroborated_by":["cnckitchen-heat-set-tips"]},{"text":"A 0.3-0.5 mm chamfer guides the insert","status":"conflicting","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. CNC Kitchen asks no chamfer"},{"text":"PETG can shrink slightly after printing: open the hole with a drill rather than force the insert","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. printed_hole notes it for PETG; no number given"}],"summary":"EPFL makerspace wiki on heat-set inserts: use the maker's hole diameter, depth (at least 1 mm deeper than the insert) and wall, a 0.3-0.5 mm chamfer to guide the insert, and a drill if PETG has shrunk the hole.","used_for":["docs/inserts.md","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"status":"source","evidence_class":"verified-at-source","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"embedded-computing-3d-printed-fasteners-part-1-inserts","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"3D Printed Fasteners: Part 1 - Inserts","authors":["Jeremy S. Cook"],"org":"Embedded Computing","year":2020,"url":"https://www.embedded-computing.com/home-page/3d-printed-fasteners-part-1-inserts","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"read","numbers":"claimed","tested":"yes","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"medium","estimate":0.7,"sources":2},"verified":"2026-11-04: opened the article (2020-08-28; the link now redirects); read it whole. Its strength numbers retell CNC Kitchen's 2020 test.","claims":[{"text":"M3 pull-out about 120 kg for a direct screw, a heat-set insert and a Helicoil alike; the heat-set insert best in torque-out, at 3 N m","status":"corroborated","evidence":"2026-11-04: read on the page. It retells CNC Kitchen's 2020 test (cnck-2020: 119 kg, 3 N m), which agrees; a retelling is not independent evidence, so the record stays at read","corroborated_by":["cnck-2020"]}],"summary":"A retelling of CNC Kitchen's 2020 M3 test: a direct screw, a heat-set insert and a Helicoil all pulled out at about 120 kg; the heat-set insert was best in torque-out, at 3 N m.","used_for":[],"status":"source","evidence_class":"read","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"formlabs-form2-design-specs","title":"Design specifications for 3D models (Form 2)","authors":[],"org":"Formlabs","year":null,"url":"https://formlabs.com/support/Design-Specs/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["sla","resin-and-powder"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the support page; read every \"Recommended\" section (Clear resin at 100 µm on the older Form 2 laser printer).","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["sla"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Form 2: min supported wall 0.4 mm, min hole 0.8 mm, clearance at least 0.5 mm or parts may fuse.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked. As the map saw it: Resin only; values differ by printer generation."}],"summary":"Per-printer design specification tables for resin models; Form 2 era values and later generations.","imported":"a266e90e93d2cb23","evidence_class":"read","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"formlabs-form4-design-guide","title":"Form 4 Design Guide","authors":[],"org":"Formlabs","year":null,"url":"https://formlabs.com/white-papers/form-4-design-guide/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["sla","resin-and-powder"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page (formlabs.com/blog/design-guide-form4/ redirects here); read the eleven feature sections (Grey resin at 50 µm), the typical tolerances (Grey resin at 100 µm on three printers) and the table comparing Form 4 with Form 3, which says the recommended values did not change between them.","status":"source","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"processes":["sla"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Form 4: min supported wall 0.2 mm, clearance 0.4 mm, min hole 0.5 mm, drain hole 0.75 mm (via mirror).","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked. As the map saw it: Resin only; numbers seen via a mirror PDF snippet, not the page."}],"summary":"Resin printer design specs: supported/unsupported wall, clearance, hole, drain hole and overhang limits for Form 4.","imported":"d9d3a6245c7db982","evidence_class":"read","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml","extended_in":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"amza-2021","title":"Accelerated Aging Effect on Mechanical Properties of Common 3D-Printing Polymers","authors":["Catalin Gheorghe Amza","Aurelian Zapciu","Florin Baciu","Mihai Ion Vasile","Adrian Ionut Nicoara"],"org":"Polymers 13 (23), 4132","year":2021,"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234132","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied (CC BY 4.0)","areas":["fdm","materials","ageing"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the DOI, title, authors and year checked against Crossref; cadagent.mechanical.inserts takes Table 4.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"materials-2025","title":"Assessment of the Drone Arm's Plastic-Metal Joint Mechanical Resistance Following Natural and Artificial Aging of the 3D-Printed Plastic Component","authors":["Miloš R. Vasić","Snežana Vučetić","Vesna Miljić","Miloš Vorkapić","Anja Terzić","Mladen Ćosić","Danica M. Bajić"],"org":"Materials 18 (11), 2591","year":2025,"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18112591","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied (CC BY 4.0)","areas":["inserts","fdm","ageing"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the DOI, title, authors and year checked against Crossref (cadagent.mechanical.inserts cites it by journal and title). Read for that module (#230), on ageing.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"bambu-petg-hf-tds","title":"Bambu Filament Technical Data Sheet V1.0: PETG HF","authors":[],"org":"Bambu Lab","year":null,"url":"https://botland.com.pl/img/art/inne/25540_karta_produktu.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","docs/compliant.md","src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the PDF; read E 1810 / 1540 MPa, UTS 34 / 23 MPa, elongation 8.6 / 5.1 % (X-Y / Z).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"bambu-tpu-95a-hf-tds","title":"Bambu Filament Technical Data Sheet V1.0: TPU 95A HF","authors":[],"org":"Bambu Lab","year":null,"url":"https://www.additive-x.com/shop/mpattachments/file/viewonline/id/823/product_id/2584","access":"free","terms":"cited; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["research/compliant-mechanisms.md","src/cadagent/simulation/fea.py","tests/simulation/test_fea_materials.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the PDF; read E 9.8 / 7.4 MPa, UTS 27.3 / 22.3 MPa, elongation >650 / >480 % (X-Y / Z). #125 (2026-10-31) read the same edition at https://store.bblcdn.com/58df32731eab4c90a7dac9b12e13ba88.pdf for cadagent.simulation.fea's row.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"bambu-asa-tds","title":"Bambu Filament Technical Data Sheet V2.0: ASA","authors":[],"org":"Bambu Lab","year":null,"url":"https://www.additive-x.com/shop/mpattachments/file/viewonline/id/612/product_id/2399","access":"free","terms":"cited; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","docs/compliant.md","src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the PDF; read E 2450 / 2120 MPa, UTS 52 / 35 MPa, elongation 9.2 / 4.6 % (X-Y / Z).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"bambu-petg-basic-tds","title":"Bambu Filament Technical Data Sheet V2.0: PETG Basic","authors":[],"org":"Bambu Lab","year":null,"url":"https://www.additive-x.com/shop/mpattachments/file/viewonline/id/580/product_id/2330","access":"free","terms":"cited; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py","src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","src/cadagent/simulation/fea.py","lessons/simulation/simulation-and-material.md","docs/compliant.md","tests/simulation/test_fea_materials.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the PDF; read HDT 69 C at 0.45 MPa and 65 C at 1.8 MPa; E 1460 / 1120 MPa, UTS 48 / 39 MPa, elongation 11.2 / 5.7 % (X-Y / Z). #125 (2026-10-31) also read V3.0, a reformulated filament (https://store.bblcdn.com/s1/default/cb94589bf7994fdcbfa833badefae9cd/Bambu_PETG_Basic_Technical_Data_Sheet.pdf); cadagent.simulation.fea's row uses V2.0's lower modulus.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"bambu-petg-cf-tds","title":"Bambu Filament Technical Data Sheet V2.0: PETG-CF","authors":[],"org":"Bambu Lab","year":null,"url":"https://www.additive-x.com/shop/mpattachments/file/viewonline/id/596/product_id/2346","access":"free","terms":"cited; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py","src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","src/cadagent/simulation/fea.py","docs/compliant.md","tests/simulation/test_fea_materials.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the PDF; read E 2460 / 1340 MPa, UTS 59 / 38 MPa, elongation 10.4 / 4.7 % (X-Y / Z). #125 (2026-10-31) also read V3.0 (https://store.bblcdn.com/626e4f424bf345ae965ad0ddfcaf2459.pdf), which cadagent.simulation.fea's row uses.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"bambu-pla-basic-tds","title":"Bambu Filament Technical Data Sheet V2.0: PLA Basic","authors":[],"org":"Bambu Lab","year":null,"url":"https://www.additive-x.com/shop/mpattachments/file/viewonline/id/494/product_id/2236","access":"free","terms":"cited; values quoted with the TDS version; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py","src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","src/cadagent/simulation/fea.py","lessons/simulation/simulation-and-material.md","docs/compliant.md","tests/simulation/test_fea_materials.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the PDF (a reseller's copy of the official sheet). Read HDT 57 C at 0.45 MPa and 54 C at 1.8 MPa (ISO 75); E 2680 / 2160 MPa, UTS 39 / 35 MPa, elongation 12.2 / 7.5 % (X-Y / Z, ISO 527). #125 (2026-10-31) also read V3.0 (https://store.bblcdn.com/s1/default/58b85d0f3db94878854a28fdb8a0006e/Bambu_PLA_Basic_Technical_Data_Sheet.pdf), which cadagent.simulation.fea's row uses.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"bambu-pla-matte-tds","title":"Bambu Filament Technical Data Sheet V2.0: PLA Matte","authors":[],"org":"Bambu Lab","year":null,"url":"https://www.additive-x.com/shop/mpattachments/file/viewonline/id/513/product_id/2261","access":"free","terms":"cited; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","docs/compliant.md","src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the PDF; read E 1960 / 1670 MPa, UTS 32 / 25 MPa, elongation 32.8 / 4.8 % (X-Y / Z).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"bambu-pa6-cf-tds","title":"Bambu Lab PA6-CF Technical Data Sheet V3.0","authors":[],"org":"Bambu Lab","year":null,"url":"https://store.bblcdn.com/b2abc59ac250492b979a52f1ce3e61b3.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited; values quoted with the TDS version; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/simulation/fea.py","tests/simulation/test_fea_materials.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: read for #125 (the V3.0 sheet, dry): tensile modulus 4430 / 2170 MPa, bending modulus 5460 / 2240 MPa, UTS 102 / 48 MPa (X-Y / Z), density 1.09 g/cm3, as tests/simulation/test_fea_materials.py records them. The humid rows scale them by Polymaker's PA6-CF20 wet / dry ratios (polymaker-fiberon-pa6-cf20-tds).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"bambu-paht-cf-tds","title":"Bambu Lab PAHT-CF Technical Data Sheet V3.0","authors":[],"org":"Bambu Lab","year":null,"url":"https://store.bblcdn.com/7166b20bc68f4c87b32c972b856eeb4b.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited; values quoted with the TDS version; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/simulation/fea.py","tests/simulation/test_fea_materials.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: read for #125 (the V3.0 sheet, dry): tensile modulus 3860 / 2180 MPa, bending modulus 4230 / 1820 MPa, UTS 92 / 47 MPa (X-Y / Z), density 1.06 g/cm3, as tests/simulation/test_fea_materials.py records them.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"klahn-2016-am-snapfit","title":"Design Guidelines for Additive Manufactured Snap-Fit Joints","authors":["Christoph Klahn","Daniel Singer","Mirko Meboldt"],"org":"Procedia CIRP 50 (KITopen repository)","year":2016,"url":"https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000142464","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised; never copied","areas":["snap-fits","fdm"],"used_for":["docs/compliant.md","research/compliant-mechanisms.md","research/fea-and-process-tools.md","research/process-profiles.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the repository record. Read the title, authors and abstract. The volume and year are as recorded in research/compliant-mechanisms.md, which read the paper on the same day. For research/process-profiles.yaml: read by research/compliant-mechanisms.md on this date (a cantilever built along Z is poor; keep the bending in the layer plane).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["compliant-mechanisms","3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"liber-knec-2025","title":"Effect of Mass Reduction of 3D-Printed PLA on Load Transfer Capacity - A Circular Economy Perspective","authors":["Aneta Liber-Kneć","Sylwia Łagan"],"org":"Materials 18 (14), 3262","year":2025,"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143262","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied (CC BY 4.0)","areas":["fdm","materials","relaxation"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the DOI, title, authors and year checked against Crossref; read for cadagent.mechanical.inserts (#230), PLA relaxation.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"prusa-elephant-foot","title":"Elephant foot compensation","authors":[],"org":"Prusa Research (Prusa Knowledge Base)","year":null,"url":"https://help.prusa3d.com/article/elephant-foot-compensation_114487","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the article; read the cause (first layer squished onto the bed) and the setting (about 0.2 mm for a 0.4 mm nozzle, on in Prusa's own profiles).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"xometry-eu-fdm-design-tips","title":"FDM 3D Printing Design Tips: Best Practices and Techniques for Stronger Prints","authors":[],"org":"Xometry Europe","year":2025,"url":"https://xometry.pro/en/articles/fdm-design-tips/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: the page answers scripts with HTTP 403 (bot protection), so the same article was read through the site's public WordPress API (xometry.pro/en/wp-json/wp/v2/articles/22061; published 2025-03-11, modified 2025-05-15). Read all ten rules and the specification table. Nikolaus Mroncz (Head of Sales Engineering) is quoted on the page; it does not say he wrote every rule.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"polymaker-fiberon-pa6-cf20-tds","title":"Fiberon PA6-CF20 Technical Data Sheet V1.1","authors":[],"org":"Polymaker","year":null,"url":"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0548/7299/7945/files/TDS_FIBERON_PA6-CF20_V1.1_EN.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited; the PDF is not redistributed","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","docs/compliant.md","tests/mechanical/test_snapfit.py","src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the PDF; dry E 8636.5 / 3759.5 MPa, UTS 109.3 / 54.0 MPa, elongation 2.1 / 1.9 %; wet E 2508.1 / 1056.1 MPa, UTS 54.7 / 25.5 MPa, elongation 7.0 / 6.7 % (X-Y / Z).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"xometry-fdm-mini-guide","title":"Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Mini-Guide","authors":["Joel Schadegg","Aaron Lichtig"],"org":"Xometry","year":null,"url":"https://www.xometry.com/resources/3d-printing/mini-guide-fdm-3d-printing/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: the live page answers scripts with HTTP 429, so read the Internet Archive copy of 2026-05-19 (web.archive.org/web/20260519071827/…). Byline \"Written by Joel Schadegg, Updated by Aaron Lichtig\". Read wall thickness, holes, text and ribs, and the ±0.005 in tolerance claim.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"cnck-poster","title":"Heat-Set Insert Dimensions and Design Guidelines (poster)","authors":[],"org":"CNC Kitchen (TwoChefs GmbH)","year":null,"url":"https://www.cnckitchen.com/s/CNCKitchen_Heat-Set-Insert-Dimensions-and-Design-Guidelines.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["inserts","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the 2-page PDF opened. It prints no date; its file metadata says 2025-06, and cadagent.mechanical.inserts cites it as the PDF of 2025-06-30. Read for that module (#230): p. 2, the metric table (hole, minimum wall, blind-hole depth).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"cnck-2020","title":"Helicoils, Threaded Insets and Embedded Nuts in 3D Prints - Strength & Strength Assessment","authors":["Stefan Hermann"],"org":"CNC Kitchen","year":2020,"url":"https://www.cnckitchen.com/blog/helicoils-threaded-insets-and-embedded-nuts-in-3d-prints-strength-amp-strength-assessment","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["inserts","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the article (2020-05-30) opened; read for cadagent.mechanical.inserts (#230), its pull-out tests.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"hubs-3dp-threaded-fasteners","title":"How do you assemble 3D-printed parts? Practical tips on threads & screws for 3D printing","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs Network (formerly Hubs)","year":null,"url":"https://www.hubs.com/knowledge-base/how-assemble-3d-printed-parts-threaded-fasteners/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm","fasteners"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page; read the wall-around-a-thread rule, inserts, embedded nuts (0.2 mm offset), self-tapping pilot holes (75–80 % engagement), tapping, and printed threads (avoid below M5 in FDM).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"hubs-snapfit-3dp","title":"How do you design snap-fit joints for 3D printing?","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs Network (formerly Hubs)","year":null,"url":"https://www.hubs.com/knowledge-base/how-design-snap-fit-joints-3d-printing/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["snap-fits","fdm","sls","mjf","sla"],"used_for":["research/compliant-mechanisms.md","research/fea-and-process-tools.md","research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page. Read the clearances (0.5 mm FDM; 0.3 mm SLS, SLA, MJF, material jetting) and the 1 mm minimum cantilever base and overhang depth. No byline. For research/process-profiles.yaml: opened the page; read the nominal clearances (FDM 0.5 mm; SLA, SLS, MJF 0.3 mm), the MJF cantilever base of at least 1 mm and the 5 mm minimum clip width.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["compliant-mechanisms","3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"hubs-fdm-design","title":"How to design parts for FDM 3D printing","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs Network (formerly Hubs)","year":null,"url":"https://www.hubs.com/knowledge-base/how-design-parts-fdm-3d-printing/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm"],"used_for":["research/compliant-mechanisms.md","research/fea-and-process-tools.md","proposed: lessons/mechanical/design-rules.md (45 degree self-supporting lead-ins); docs/common-issues.md (overhangs)","research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page. Read the overhang rule (usually printable up to 45 deg; at 45 deg each layer is half supported) and the bridging section. No byline. For research/process-profiles.yaml: opened the page and read every section: bridging (under 5 mm), vertical holes printing undersize, overhangs (45°), corners and elephant's foot (45° chamfer on bed edges), vertical pins (under 5 mm), build direction.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"spirol-3dp","title":"How to Select a Threaded Insert for Your 3D Printed Assembly","authors":["K. Ionkin"],"org":"SPIROL International Corporation","year":2026,"url":"https://www.spirol.com/assets/files/inserts-for-3d-printed-assemblies-us.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied; values read off its charts are cited as such","areas":["inserts","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the 5-page PDF opened (edition 04/26). Read for cadagent.mechanical.inserts (#230): pp. 2-5 and Figures 8-12, whose bar values were read off the charts at 300 dpi.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"spirol-inserts","title":"Inserts for Plastics Design Guide","authors":[],"org":"SPIROL International Corporation","year":2026,"url":"https://www.spirol.com/assets/files/ins-threaded-inserts-design-guide-us.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["inserts","fdm","moulding"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/formulas/_registry.py","src/cadagent/formulas/inserts.py","src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the 24-page PDF opened (edition 05/26). Read for cadagent.mechanical.inserts (#230): printed pp. 5, 8-9, 18 and 20-21, as its SRC entry lists them.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"kastner-2023","title":"Investigation of the Pull-Out Behaviour of Metal Threaded Inserts in Thermoplastic Fused-Layer Modelling (FLM) Components","authors":["Tobias Kastner","Juliane Troschitz","Christian Vogel","Thomas Behnisch","Maik Gude","Niels Modler"],"org":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7 (1), 42","year":2023,"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010042","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied (CC BY 4.0)","areas":["inserts","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the DOI, authors and year checked against Crossref; read for cadagent.mechanical.inserts (#230), infill and perimeters.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"laszlo-2026","title":"Mechanical Performance of Heat-Set Threaded Inserts in FDM-Printed PLA Components","authors":["Kornél László","Brigitta Fruzsina Szívós","Vivien Nemes"],"org":"Engineering Proceedings 157, 40 (The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2026)","year":2026,"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026157040","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied (CC BY 4.0)","areas":["inserts","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the DOI, title, authors and year checked against Crossref; read for cadagent.mechanical.inserts (#230).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"prusa-modeling-for-3dp","title":"Modeling with 3D printing in mind","authors":[],"org":"Prusa Research (Prusa Knowledge Base)","year":null,"url":"https://help.prusa3d.com/article/modeling-with-3d-printing-in-mind_164135","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the article; read overhangs (45–60°, up to 75° on printers with 360° cooling), thin walls as whole perimeters (0.45 mm per perimeter at a 0.4 mm nozzle), tolerances (at least 0.2 mm accuracy, 0.3 mm for moving parts) and fillet against chamfer on bed-facing edges. Reader comments under the article were not used.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"khosravani-2023","title":"On the Pin-Bearing Strength of Additively Manufactured Polymer Parts","authors":["Mohammad Reza Khosravani","Hadi Sadeghian","Majid R. Ayatollahi","Tamara Reinicke"],"org":"Polymers 15 (7), 1660","year":2023,"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071660","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied (CC BY 4.0)","areas":["fdm","bolted-joints"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/printed_joints.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the DOI, title, authors and year checked against Crossref. cadagent.mechanical.printed_joints takes Tables 2 and 3 (PLA and ABS double-shear coupons and their failure modes).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"polymaker-polyflex-tpu95-tds","title":"PolyFlex TPU95 Technical Data Sheet V5.4","authors":[],"org":"Polymaker","year":null,"url":"https://wiki.polymaker.com/polymaker-products/more-about-our-products/documents/technical-data-sheets/tpu/polyflex-tm-tpu95","access":"free","terms":"cited; never copied","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["research/compliant-mechanisms.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: read the wiki page; 33.6 MPa (ISO 37) and 551.2 % elongation, X-Y only.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"polymaker-polylite-asa-tds","title":"PolyLite ASA Technical Data Sheet V5.4","authors":[],"org":"Polymaker","year":null,"url":"https://wiki.polymaker.com/polymaker-products/more-about-our-products/documents/technical-data-sheets/abs-asa/polylite-tm-asa","access":"free","terms":"cited; never copied","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","docs/compliant.md","tests/mechanical/test_snapfit.py","src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: read the wiki page; E 2379 / 1965 MPa, UTS 43.8 / 32 MPa, elongation 6.7 / 1.65 % (X-Y / Z).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"polymaker-polylite-petg-tds","title":"PolyLite PETG Technical Data Sheet V5.4","authors":[],"org":"Polymaker","year":null,"url":"https://wiki.polymaker.com/polymaker-products/more-about-our-products/documents/technical-data-sheets/petg-pet/polylite-tm-petg","access":"free","terms":"cited; never copied","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","docs/compliant.md","tests/mechanical/test_snapfit.py","src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: read the wiki page; E 2116.8 / 1898.7 MPa, UTS 50.8 / 42.8 MPa, elongation 8.4 / 3.3 % (X-Y / Z).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"polymaker-polylite-pla-tds","title":"PolyLite PLA Technical Data Sheet V5.4","authors":[],"org":"Polymaker","year":null,"url":"https://wiki.polymaker.com/polymaker-products/more-about-our-products/documents/technical-data-sheets/pla/polylite-tm-pla","access":"free","terms":"cited; values quoted with the TDS version; never copied","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","docs/compliant.md","tests/mechanical/test_snapfit.py","src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: read the wiki page (Markdown view); E 3426.9 / 3064.9 MPa, UTS 52.3 / 40.5 MPa, elongation 6.3 / 1.8 % (X-Y / Z).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"polymaker-polymide-copa-tds","title":"PolyMide CoPA Technical Data Sheet V5.4","authors":[],"org":"Polymaker","year":null,"url":"https://wiki.polymaker.com/polymaker-products/more-about-our-products/documents/technical-data-sheets/nylon/polymide-tm-copa","access":"free","terms":"cited; never copied","areas":["materials","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/compliant/allowables.py","docs/compliant.md","tests/mechanical/test_snapfit.py","src/cadagent/manufacturing/process.py"],"verified":"2026-10-31: read the wiki page; dry E 2703 / 2209 MPa, UTS 78.0 / 45.8 MPa, elongation 12.7 / 1.3 % (X-Y / Z).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"brewer-lagace-1988","title":"Quadratic Stress Criterion for Initiation of Delamination","authors":["John C. Brewer","Paul A. Lagace"],"org":"Journal of Composite Materials 22 (12)","year":1988,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002199838802201205","access":"paid","terms":"cited by author, title and equation; never copied","areas":["composites","fdm","fea"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/simulation/fea.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the DOI, title, authors and year checked against Crossref. cadagent.simulation.fea's layer check takes the form of its quadratic criterion (cited there, and by cadagent.mechanical.printed_joints under its key fea-layer).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"ruthex","title":"ruthex Gewindeeinsatz M3 (RX-M3x5.7): size table","authors":[],"org":"ruthex","year":null,"url":"https://www.ruthex.de/products/ruthex-gewindeeinsatz-m3-100-stuck-rx-m3x5-7-messing-gewindebuchsen","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["inserts","fdm"],"used_for":["src/cadagent/mechanical/inserts.py"],"verified":"2026-11-01: the product page opened; read for cadagent.mechanical.inserts (#230), its size table.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"text-to-cad","title":"text-to-cad","authors":[],"org":"Thompson Labs LLC (github.com/earthtojake)","year":2026,"url":"https://github.com/earthtojake/text-to-cad","access":"free","terms":"MIT; vendored with attribution","areas":["cad","dfm","sheet-metal","fdm"],"used_for":["vendor/text-to-cad","research/landscape.md","research/sheet-metal-guides.md","research/sheet-metal.md"],"verified":"2026-10-31: gh api (MIT, pushed 2026-10-31); LICENSE copyright \"2026 Thompson Labs LLC\"; read the vendored skills/dfm/references/sheet-metal.md and skills/sendcutsend/references/official-sources.md.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["sheet-metal","3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"hubs-3dp-geometry-limits","title":"What can't 3D printers do? Understanding and overcoming 3D printing geometry limitations","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs Network (formerly Hubs)","year":null,"url":"https://www.hubs.com/knowledge-base/3d-printing-geometry-restrictions/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm","sla","sls","mjf"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page; read the table of recommended minimum wall thickness by process (FDM, SLA/DLP, SLS, MJF, DMLS/SLM).","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"hubs-3dp-dimensional-accuracy","title":"What is dimensional accuracy in 3D printing and how do you achieve it?","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs Network (formerly Hubs)","year":null,"url":"https://www.hubs.com/knowledge-base/dimensional-accuracy-3d-printed-parts/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","areas":["fdm","sla","sls","mjf"],"used_for":["research/process-profiles.md","research/process-profiles.yaml"],"verified":"2026-10-31: opened the page; read the tolerance and shrinkage rows of the FDM, SLA and SLS/MJF tables.","status":"source","evidence_class":"read","confidence":{"level":"unknown","estimate":null,"sources":0},"placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references.yaml"},
    {"id":"filament2print-bambu-lab-pa6-cf-listing-filament2print","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Bambu Lab PA6-CF listing (Filament2Print)","authors":[],"org":"Filament2Print (Bambu Lab data)","year":null,"url":"https://filament2print.com/en/filaments/3669-pa6-cf-bambu-lab.html","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"PA6-CF printed tensile about 63-102 MPa by vendor; Z-direction PA12-CF about 43 MPa.","status":"conflicting","evidence":"Bambu datasheet: tensile 102 +/-7 MPa; Polymaker TDS: XY 109.3, Z 54.0 MPa (second set 54.7 unclear). Range 54-109 MPa by vendor and direction."}],"summary":"Bambu PA6-CF listing: tensile 102 MPa (ISO 527), HDT about 186 C at 0.45 MPa. Note: Retailer relaying vendor numbers; orientation and moisture unspecified","used_for":[],"imported":"35a5f54dd1401f2e","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"bambu-lab-wiki-pa-cf-printing-tips","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Bambu Lab Wiki: PA-CF Printing Tips","authors":[],"org":"Bambu Lab","year":null,"url":"https://wiki.bambulab.com/knowledge-sharing/pa-cf-printing-tips","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Anneal PA-CF, PET-CF, PAHT-CF at 120-130 C for 5-8 hours.","status":"conflicting","evidence":"QIDI PAHT-CF 80-100C 4-8h; Siraya 90-100C 4-6h (different material); Printer Hub 90-130C 6-12h for PA6-CF. No second vendor-page match for 120-130C/5-8h."}],"summary":"Tips for PA-CF, PET-CF, PAHT-CF: drying, annealing, plate and nozzle advice, warping issues. Note: Annealing figure came via search summary; drying table not seen.","used_for":[],"imported":"33ed3448df84b9c2","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"cnc-kitchen-carbon-fiber-nylon-in-3d-printing-pa6-vs-pa12","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"CNC Kitchen: Carbon Fiber Nylon in 3D Printing, PA6 vs PA12 Tested","authors":[],"org":"CNC Kitchen","year":null,"url":"https://www.cnckitchen.com/blog/carbon-fiber-nylon-in-3d-printing-pa6-vs-pa12-tested","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"yes","authority":"independent-tested"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Compares carbon-fibre PA6 and PA12; PA6-CF stiffer and stronger off the bed but creeps without post-processing. Note: Test figures not in snippet; creep point relayed by search summary.","used_for":[],"imported":"4250f87b7a804f23","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"inslogic-composite-filament-comparison-pa6-cf-vs-pa12-cf-vs","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Composite filament comparison: PA6-CF vs PA12-CF vs PA6-GF25 (Inslogic)","authors":[],"org":"Inslogic","year":null,"url":"https://www.inslogic3d.com/blogs/blog/composite-filament-comparison-for-3d-printing-pa6-cf-vs-pa12-cf-vs-pa6-gf25","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Vendor comparison of filled nylons; PA12-CF steadier in humid environments, PA6-CF stiffer and hotter. Note: Vendor blog; datasheets across vendors use mixed test conditions","used_for":[],"imported":"75c5cd6a6d198f66","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"sculpteo-design-tips-for-hp-multi-jet-fusion-sculpteo","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Design Tips for HP Multi Jet Fusion (Sculpteo)","authors":[],"org":"Sculpteo","year":null,"url":"https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2017/10/25/how-to-design-for-hp-multi-jet-fusion-technology/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder"],"processes":["mjf"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Minimum wall thickness for particular design aspects between 1 and 2 mm.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Service-bureau MJF PA12 design tips including wall thickness range. Note: 2017 post; may be dated.","used_for":[],"imported":"7cbc347b043016be","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"sinterit-design-tips-for-sls-3d-printing-wall-thickness","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Design Tips for SLS 3D Printing wall thickness (Sinterit)","authors":[],"org":"Sinterit","year":null,"url":"https://www.sinterit.com/3d-printing-guide/design-for-3d-printing/wall-thickness-3d-print/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder","design-process"],"processes":["sls","general"],"process_groups":["print","general"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Printer-maker guide page on wall thickness across processes; contents not shown. Note: Only title and URL seen.","used_for":[],"imported":"3f5f78b763fa40a5","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing","design-process"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"artprinting3d-web-dfm-check","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"dfm-check","authors":[],"org":"artprinting3d-web (GitHub)","year":null,"url":"https://github.com/artprinting3d-web/dfm-check","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","circuit-boards","design-process"],"processes":["fdm","pcb","general"],"process_groups":["print","pcb","general"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"DFM review as CI: meshes, OpenSCAD, CadQuery, KiCad and Klipper configs, findings cited to rule ids. Note: MIT, 0 stars, last push 2026-08-28; unproven","used_for":[],"imported":"3e8159d766c5ee5c","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing","circuit-boards","design-process"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"rapidmade-engineering-guidelines-for-geometrically-stable","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Engineering Guidelines for Geometrically Stable PA12 via HP MJF (RapidMade)","authors":[],"org":"RapidMade","year":null,"url":"https://rapidmade.com/engineering-guidelines-for-geometrically-stable-highly-accurate-pa12-components-via-hp-mjf/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder"],"processes":["mjf"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Typical guidance 1.0 mm minimum wall and 2-3 mm recommended for many PA12 MJF applications.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"PA12 MJF guidance on wall thickness and tolerances, advising use of vendor-published tolerance rules. Note: Service bureau; numbers vary between providers.","used_for":[],"imported":"4670149df14c31d8","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"essentium-3-design-techniques-for-high-speed-extrusion-3d","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Essentium: 3 Design Techniques for High-Speed Extrusion 3D Printing","authors":[],"org":"Essentium (via Additive Manufacturing Media)","year":null,"url":"https://www.additivemanufacturing.media/articles/3-design-techniques-for-high-speed-extrusion-3d-printing","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Fillet radius of at least 5 mm so toolhead keeps speed and accuracy.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Essentium-authored high-speed extrusion design advice on fillets and even extrusion rates. Note: No Essentium PAHT-CF or anisotropy guide found.","used_for":[],"imported":"caa3ba40fb2e3f10","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"formlabs-fuse-series-sls-design-guide","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Formlabs Fuse Series SLS Design Guide","authors":[],"org":"Formlabs","year":null,"url":"https://formlabs.com/white-papers/fuse-series-sls-design-guide/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder"],"processes":["sls"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Walls 0.6 mm vertical, 0.3 mm horizontal; at least two 3.5 mm escape holes in enclosed cavities.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Nylon 12 SLS rules: walls, pins, holes, assembly clearances, escape holes and lattice gaps for powder removal. Note: Clearance values differ between guide versions.","used_for":[],"imported":"c79f1fcafed88447","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"printables-heat-inserts-and-3d-printing-a-guide","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Heat Inserts and 3D-printing - a guide","authors":[],"org":"Printables (community author)","year":null,"url":"https://www.printables.com/article/heat-inserts-and-3d-printing-a-guide-W5ob2VN","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","threaded-inserts"],"processes":["fdm","inserts"],"process_groups":["print","inserts"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Iron at 240 C; insert larger end up; iron perpendicular to hole","status":"conflicting","evidence":"Iron temp varies by material: CNC Kitchen print temp +10-20C; supplier table PLA 177-204C, PETG 218-246C, nylon 232-260C. 240C only fits PETG."}],"summary":"Soldering-iron heat-set insert method for FDM: temperature, orientation, keeping iron perpendicular. Note: Community article","used_for":[],"imported":"ccc7f3cca1a17dab","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing","fasteners-and-hardware"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"hp-mjf-handbook-design-for-hp-multi-jet-fusion","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"HP MJF Handbook (Design for HP Multi Jet Fusion)","authors":[],"org":"HP","year":null,"url":"https://enable.hp.com/us-en-3d-mjf-handbook-download","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder"],"processes":["mjf"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"HP's web handbook with design guidelines: best practices, accuracy, cleaning, union joints, tolerancing, threads and inserts. Note: Topics listed only; no numbers seen.","used_for":[],"imported":"7579373d8ce72d22","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"scc-iso-astm-52900-2021-additive-manufacturing-vocabulary","kind":"standard","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 additive manufacturing vocabulary","authors":[],"org":"SCC (Standards Council of Canada) listing","year":null,"url":"https://scc-ccn.ca/standardsdb/standards/8167516","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","resin-and-powder","3d-printing","design-process"],"processes":["fdm","sla","sls","mjf","metal-am","general"],"process_groups":["print","general"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"none","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Current AM terminology standard from ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42; 2015 edition withdrawn. Note: Catalogue listing; full text paid","used_for":[],"imported":"10ec8c39182f3c03","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing","design-process"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"iso-astm-52911-1-design-for-laser-powder-bed-fusion-of","kind":"standard","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"ISO/ASTM 52911-1: Design for laser powder bed fusion of metals","authors":[],"org":"ISO/ASTM","year":null,"url":"https://webstore.ansi.org/preview-pages/ISO/preview_ISO+ASTM+52911-1-2019.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["3d-printing"],"processes":["metal-am"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"International design standard for laser PBF of metals, with overhang constraints and design guideline sections. Note: Preview pages only.","used_for":[],"imported":"193a97c5a2393156","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"formlabs-low-volume-rapid-injection-molding-with-3d-printed","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Low-Volume Rapid Injection Molding with 3D Printed Molds (Formlabs white paper)","authors":[],"org":"Formlabs","year":null,"url":"https://formlabs.com/white-papers/low-volume-rapid-injection-molding-with-3d-printed-molds/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["moulded-part-design","resin-and-powder"],"processes":["injection","sla"],"process_groups":["mould","print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"yes","authority":"independent-tested"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Avoid mold surface thickness under 1-2 mm; it may deform with heat (per Formlabs FAQ)","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Printed moulds in Rigid 10K Resin; five case studies, design guidelines and failure modes. Note: Rule is from FAQ summary; molds last hundreds to thousands of shots.","used_for":[],"imported":"cfa3060cfd30994e","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["mould-design","3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-mould.yaml"},
    {"id":"markforged-composites-design-guide-v1-2-hosted-copy","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Markforged Composites Design Guide v1.2 (hosted copy)","authors":[],"org":"Markforged (copy hosted by Aarhus University)","year":null,"url":"https://ase.au.dk/fileadmin/www.ase.au.dk/Filer/Laboratorier_og_vaerksteder/Komposit-lab/3D_Print/Composites_Design_Guide_V1-2.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Quick reference minimum fibre ring sizes 12.16, 3.85, 0.5 mm (one/two/three rings); min fibre length 45 mm.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Continuous-fibre and Onyx design guide: orientation, concentric and isotropic fibre fill, minimum fibre feature sizes. Note: Third-party hosted copy; figures unverified against current revision.","used_for":[],"imported":"6cfbc84e74e6f944","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"markforged-planning-and-3d-printing-a-composite-part","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Markforged: Planning and 3D Printing a Composite Part","authors":[],"org":"Markforged","year":null,"url":"https://markforged.com/learn/planning-and-3d-printing-a-composite-part","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Markforged learn page on planning a fibre-reinforced part; only title seen in results. Note: Content not shown; X/Y stronger than Z noted in a related Markforged article.","used_for":[],"imported":"0faba83e64647c92","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"matweb-nylon-6-carbon-fiber-filled-group","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"MatWeb Nylon 6 carbon fiber filled group","authors":[],"org":"MatWeb","year":null,"url":"https://www.matweb.com/Search/MaterialGroupSearch.aspx?GroupID=17","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","design-process"],"processes":["fdm","general"],"process_groups":["print","general"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Material property database; group index of nylon 6 grades incl. carbon fiber filled from RTP and Techmer. Note: Index only seen; property values not in snippet","used_for":[],"imported":"13f79bb86e8d85d5","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing","design-process"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"formlabs-minimum-wall-thickness-for-3d-printing-formlabs","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Minimum Wall Thickness for 3D Printing (Formlabs blog)","authors":[],"org":"Formlabs","year":null,"url":"https://formlabs.com/eu/blog/minimum-wall-thickness-3d-printing/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["design-process","fdm","resin-and-powder"],"processes":["general","fdm","sla","sls"],"process_groups":["general","print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Blog on minimum wall thickness across printing processes; only title seen in results. Note: Only title and URL appeared; content not shown.","used_for":[],"imported":"3cf6d79b6c7889e6","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["design-process","3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-general.yaml"},
    {"id":"fast-radius-multijet-fusion-dfm-design-guide-fast-radius","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"MultiJet Fusion DFM Design Guide (Fast Radius)","authors":[],"org":"Fast Radius","year":null,"url":"https://www.fastradius.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MultiJet-Fusion-DFM-Design-Guide-Fast-Radius.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder"],"processes":["mjf"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"MJF DFM guide with a design checklist; notes MJF has a limited approved material list. Note: Fast Radius ceased operating; document may be dated.","used_for":[],"imported":"3fb868f3f764e0be","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"polymaker-polymide-pa6-cf-product-information-sheet-v1-4","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Polymaker PolyMide PA6-CF Product Information Sheet v1.4","authors":[],"org":"Polymaker","year":null,"url":"https://polymaker.com/wp-content/tech-docs/PolyMide_PA6-CF_PIS_EN_V1.4.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Use full-metal hotend stable at 280 C or above and a wear-resistant nozzle; anneal all printed models.","status":"corroborated","evidence":"Polymaker Fiberon page repeats all-metal hotend >=280C; Bambu recommends hardened steel nozzle, 260-290C. Hardened nozzle agrees; exact temp range differs (260-300C)."}],"summary":"PA6-CF filament datasheet: needs hardened nozzle, hotend at 280 C or more, recommends annealing all parts. Note: Annealing 90 C for 2 h is from a retailer listing, not the PDF.","used_for":[],"imported":"0b9f96cf1523c39f","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"protolabs-6-ways-to-cut-costs-with-industrial-3d-printing","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Protolabs: 6 Ways to Cut Costs with Industrial 3D Printing","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs","year":null,"url":"https://www.protolabs.com/resources/design-tips/cutting-costs-with-industrial-3d-printing/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["design-process","resin-and-powder","3d-printing"],"processes":["general","sls","mjf","metal-am"],"process_groups":["general","print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"none","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Cost-cutting design tips; orientation changes can shorten builds, less material means lower cost. Note: Qualitative advice only.","used_for":[],"imported":"b335c7b2cdb1f06d","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["design-process","3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-general.yaml"},
    {"id":"protolabs-redefining-metal-part-design-with-3d-printing-dmls","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Protolabs: Redefining Metal Part Design with 3D Printing (DMLS)","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs","year":null,"url":"https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/resources/design-tips/redefining-metal-part-design-with-3d-printing/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["3d-printing"],"processes":["metal-am"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Wall height-to-thickness at most 40:1; min wall 0.5 mm (CoCr, Ti, stainless), 1 mm other metals.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"DMLS metal design guidance covering wall thickness, aspect ratio and overhang support limits. Note: Thresholds differ between Protolabs pages.","used_for":[],"imported":"e92e39dc53e81aee","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"protolabs-understanding-3d-printing-tolerances","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Protolabs: Understanding 3D Printing Tolerances","authors":[],"org":"Protolabs","year":null,"url":"https://www.protolabs.com/resources/design-tips/3d-printing-tolerances/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["design-process","fdm","resin-and-powder","3d-printing"],"processes":["general","fdm","sls","sla","metal-am"],"process_groups":["general","print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Protolabs design tip on 3D printing tolerances by process; only title appeared in results. Note: No numbers visible in snippet.","used_for":[],"imported":"23d66bbfbb352efd","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["design-process","3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-general.yaml"},
    {"id":"prusa-research-prusa-knowledge-base-modeling-with-3d","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Prusa Knowledge Base: Modeling with 3D printing in mind","authors":[],"org":"Prusa Research","year":null,"url":"https://help.prusa3d.com/article/modeling-with-3d-printing-in-mind_164141","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Prusa article on modelling for FDM: overhangs and support material, splitting models into parts. Note: Only contents headings seen; no numbers.","used_for":[],"imported":"3f2f1d73255515c0","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"stratasys-direct-sls-design-guide-2023","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Stratasys Direct SLS Design Guide (2023)","authors":[],"org":"Stratasys Direct","year":null,"url":"https://www.stratasys.com/siteassets/sdm/content---website-storage/design-guides/dg_sls_stratasys_direct_04192023.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder"],"processes":["sls"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Min SLS wall 1.0 mm; keep walls at or below 3.0 mm to limit shrink distortion; tolerance +/-0.015 in.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"SLS nylon rules: tolerance, minimum wall, shrinkage distortion limit and hole shrink in large blocks. Note: Minimum hole diameter not seen in this snippet.","used_for":[],"imported":"808a5a78f448fc96","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"additive-manufacturing-media-stratasys-direct-laser-sintered","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Stratasys Direct: Laser-sintered holes (thickness, tolerance, proximity)","authors":[],"org":"Additive Manufacturing Media (Stratasys Direct study)","year":null,"url":"https://www.additivemanufacturing.media/articles/consider-thickness-tolerance-and-proximity-in-laser-sintered-holes","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder"],"processes":["sls"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"yes","authority":"reference"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Holes at least 1.5 mm diameter, surrounding wall at least 3.0 mm, at least 0.8 mm to nearest feature.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Study of SLS hole accuracy versus surrounding wall thickness and nearness to edges. Note: Trade-press summary of Stratasys Direct work.","used_for":[],"imported":"255d95459c06fe35","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"stratasys-direct-stratasys-fdm-design-guide-stratasys-direct","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Stratasys FDM Design Guide (Stratasys Direct, 2025)","authors":[],"org":"Stratasys Direct","year":null,"url":"https://www.stratasys.com/siteassets/sdm/content---website-storage/design-guides/dg_sdm_fdm_0725a.pdf","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Recommended minimum wall is generally 4x the layer/slice thickness, e.g. 0.040 in for 0.010 in layers.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Current FDM design guide tying minimum wall thickness to slice thickness. Note: Hole table not seen in snippets.","used_for":[],"imported":"8ccda528bfb870be","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"xometry-tips-for-designing-custom-parts-with-sls-3d-printing","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Tips for Designing Custom Parts with SLS 3D Printing (Xometry)","authors":[],"org":"Xometry","year":null,"url":"https://www.xometry.com/blog/tips-for-designing-custom-parts-with-sls-3d-printing","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["resin-and-powder"],"processes":["sls"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"claimed","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"0.7 mm wall on parts over 1 mm; 0.15 mm offset on small gaps and holes.","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"SLS tips: thick or uneven walls warp; small gap offsets and mating surface offsets recommended. Note: Wording of wall rule is as paraphrased in snippet.","used_for":[],"imported":"2e1db3a37ddb2d70","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"xometry-design-guide-fdm-3d-printing","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Xometry Design Guide: FDM 3D Printing","authors":[],"org":"Xometry","year":null,"url":"https://www.xometry.com/resources/design-guides/design-guide-fused-deposition-modeling-fdm-3d-printing/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm"],"processes":["fdm"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"FDM design guide listing general tolerances and wall thickness as topics; numbers not in retrieved text. Note: Only contents seen; secondary sites cite 0.75 mm supported wall.","used_for":[],"imported":"e77f39643dd9ec3c","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"},
    {"id":"xometry-injection-molding-vs-3d-printing-break-even","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Xometry: injection molding vs 3D printing break-even","authors":[],"org":"Xometry","year":null,"url":"https://www.xometry.com/resources/3d-printing/3d-printing-vs-injection-molding-breakeven/","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["design-process","moulded-part-design","fdm"],"processes":["general","injection","fdm"],"process_groups":["general","mould","print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"some","tested":"no","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"claims":[{"text":"Break-even qty = mold cost / (alt cost per part - molded cost per part).","status":"unconfirmed","evidence":"No second source checked."}],"summary":"Break-even of printing versus molding by volume; sources quote 250-2000 parts but vary widely. Note: Vendor snippet; break-even range differs by source","used_for":[],"imported":"320e10ca22b2b9f8","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["design-process","mould-design","3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-general.yaml"},
    {"id":"xometry-tolerances-and-build-area-for-3d-printed-plastics","kind":"guide","category":"manufacturing-guides","title":"Xometry: Tolerances and Build Area for 3D Printed Plastics","authors":[],"org":"Xometry","year":null,"url":"https://community.xometry.com/kb/articles/752-tolerances-and-build-area-for-3d-printed-plastics","access":"free","terms":"cited and summarised, never copied","licence":{"spdx":null,"class":"proprietary","read":false,"note":"A publisher's page; its terms were not read. Cited, never copied."},"reuse":{"text":"cite-only","geometry":"none"},"areas":["fdm","resin-and-powder"],"processes":["fdm","sls","sla","mjf"],"process_groups":["print"],"evidence":{"class":"snippet-only","numbers":"unknown","tested":"unknown","authority":"primary"},"confidence":{"level":"low","estimate":0.4,"sources":1},"summary":"Tolerance and build volume reference for plastic processes; says improved tolerances need manual review after a prototype. Note: Numeric table not shown.","used_for":[],"imported":"177c25311ea3dad3","status":"catalogued","evidence_class":"snippet-only","placed":["3d-printing"],"source_file":"research/references/guides-print.yaml"}
  ]
}